ezciöexr enoúibedÓ;h
smudÓ esn 

smud[mNhn ú 4

   l¹n E¤in&;risi$r a;NtjR;itk r;jnIitr a/*;pk xÓIsunIl i%l¿n;inr 1997 s;el el%; Aki$ s;‹; j;g;en; bE 'An Idea of India' s;r; pOiqbIr buiäjIbIedr dOiê a;kWR, ker. bEi$ sÁeN/ l¹enr The Sunday Telegraph \ The Telegraph yq;½em ele%nà 'Khilnani's meditation on India is a tour de force' \ 'It is extremely important and elegantly written'; a;r amtR* esn ele%nà 'Spirited, combative and insight-filled.......... a splendid and timely book.'
      AE bEeY a;m;edr pÓ;k¿úSb;/Int; yuegr r;jwnitk ent;edr sÁeN/ xÓIi%l¿n;in ile%ezn" The poet and critic A.K. Ramanujan once wrote, 'One way of defining diversity of India is to say what an Irishman is said to have said about trousers. When asked whether trousers were singular or plural , he said that trousers are singular at the top and plural at the bottom. But Indian nationalism before independence was plural even at the top, a dhoti with endless folds. Its diversity was emblematically incarnated in the gallery of characters who constituted the nationalist pantheon, a pantheon whose unageing, cherub- like faces are still on display, painted with garish affection, on calendars and posters or moulded into just recognisable statues and figures in tea-shops and cross- roads across the country.'
      1946 s;elr 18E eqek 20ex efbÓ³Y;rI rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&et ey ibedÓ;h (k'egÓesr &;W;Y /mR`$) hY t; ey a;m;edr Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;emr exW yuä izlà º/u ibedÓ;h nYà(the last bullet fired in the last and most significant battle in our last war of independence) t; i%l¿n;inr met; inrep= r;jnIitr ±ith;isekr; a;j buZet p;rezn;. a;er; eb;Z; y;eCz eyà a;m;edr t_k;lIn r;jwnitk ent;edr gerontocratic (bOäedr a;i/pt*duê) \ &;rtIY kkR$sul& men;bOi¼r jen*E rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&r ibedÓ;hI bIr n;ibkr; c;krI h;ireY Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;mI iheseb freedom fighters' pension –pI b%ixs¿ z;‹; a;r ikzuE p;nin Ab' t-;edr n;m a;j\ edexr jns;/;re,r k;ez a+;t.
   edx&;egr per gt 55 bzer el%; a;m;edr Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;emr Eith;es\ icr;cirt&;eb ibbOt hagiographic b; b*i¼²i&i¼k k;yRkl;epr ibbr, z;‹; ibexW ikzu p;\Y; y;Y n;. gÓ;em gÓ;emà tO,mUl Sterà xherr gilet gilet b; sxS]b;ihnIr g[Ie:Îr aiGntË m•età xIetr tuW;rbOt p;h;e‹à bWR;Y Pl;ibt &;°n/r; ndIet b; s;r; bzr g&Ir smuedÓ pÓhr; ed\Y;r s;eq s;eq ey&;eb edxmui¼²r kq; &;b; heYizl Ab' bŸ shsÓ pÓ;, ¤_sgR kr; heYizl t;r ibbr, j;Yg; p;Yin @;" t;r;c-;d Et*;idr mt srk;ir Úey; ŸkumÛ ±ith;iskedr bEeYr p;t;Y.
   ikNtu a;j s;r; ibxB j;en eyà 1946 s;elr &;rtIY enoúwsink ibedÓ;h 200 bzerr ibÓi$x s;mÓ;j*b;edr kifen e#;k; exW elohxl;k;. a;,ibk pÓi½Y;Y etjiS½Yt;r b; radioactivity r eymn criticality a;es y;r per ek;en; pÓi½Y;etE t; q;m;en; y;Y n;à &;rtIY Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;em &;rtIY enoúesn;b;ihnIr ibedÓ;hI n;ibkr; Aen ideYizeln esE criticality. sxS]b;ihnIr ibedÓ;ehr pr ey &;rt eze‹ y;\Y; z;‹; a;r ek;en; ¤p;Y enE t; ibÓi$x srk;r &;el;&;ebE buZet p;r;et keYkm;esr me/*E AE ¤pmh;edxek Sb;/Int; ed\Y;r isä;Nt inet t;r; b;/* hYà @;¼²;r remxcNdÓ mjumd;err smeg;]IY ±ith;iskr; a;j m;nezn eyà AE kq; anSbIk;yR.
   &;ret ibÓi$x enoúesn; aqR;_ rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&r sUcn; hY 5E eseP$Ár 1612 s;el (pl;xIr yueär pÓ;Y ed‹ex; bzr a;eg) eyidn k*;eP$n ehiS$'súAr entOetB keYki$ ry*;l eni&r j;h;j Aes en;°r efel ‡jr;etr surt¿ bNder. esE smYk;r p;let;l; m;l;b;r $Ik k;#inimRt j;h;j ½em 1830 s;el b;:pIY Ei¢n \ ESp;etr k;#;em; \ p;$;tenr s;h;ey* git b;i‹eY yeqê pr;½mxIl heY \e#. 1939 s;el iátIY ibxByueär pÓ;K;el AE enoesn;Y izl a;$i$ j;h;jà keYki$ em;$reb;$ Ab' 1500 aifs;r \ eri$' (n;ibkedr t%n rating bl; htà A%n bl; hY sailor). ikN\ zÛbzr b;ed 1945 s;el y%n mh;yuä exW hYà t%n t; dÓ³t bOiä epeY Aki$ ibx;l enob;ihnIet pir,t hYú 300i$ j;h;j \ 25à000 aifs;r \ eri$'. A-edr j;itgt (ethnic) kOiêà /mRà ix=;à &;W; \ s;m;ijk dOiê \ icNt;&i^et izl aenk pÓe&d. ikNtu sb;rE izl an*;eYr ib•eä pÓitb;d krb;r adm* s;hs. a;r A-r;E izeln &;retr exW Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;emr Úkere^ EeY mere^Û xS]flk.
   enoúesn; ibedÓ;h º• hY 18E efbÓ³Y;rI 1946 s;elà ey idni$ a;m;edr Sb;/Int; a;eNd;lenr Eith;es b;'l;edexr &;W; idbs 21ex efbÓ³Y;rIr met;E ¤ÕBl heY q;keb. enoúesn;Y Shlixibr b; naval base, bNdr b; cantonment ek\ j;h;j iheseb ai&iht kr; hY. Aedr bl; hY stone frigate b; pÓStrep;t b; Shlep;t. enoesn; ibedÓ;eh ey Shlep;t \ jlep;t a'xgÓh, kerizl es‡il hl"
&;ret " 
muÁ;Eú
Shlep;t " tl¿\Y;rà mz¿ilm;rà eni&e@ep;à h;m¿l;à k;k;¤irà ict;à a;kbrà \ ifer;j.
jlep;t " nmRd;à ymun;à /nuxà eg;¹\Y;n;à a;s;mà m;r;#;à isn¯uà kum;Yunà k;iqY;b;‹à %;Eb;rà p;¢;bà beÁà m*;@Ó;sà ¤i‹W*;à aey;/*;à k®;E&à lerNsà a;gÓ;à k$kà kr;cIà l;eh;rà m;dur;à ni$l;sà n;iskà p;$n;à pu,;à r;mpurà ebr;rà amOtsrà ek;icnà nIlm¿ à em;ità l;là hIr;à kl;btIà r;md;sà dIp;btI \ &dÓ;btI.
kr;cI ú
Shlep;t " b;h;durà cmk \ ihm;lY.
jlep;t " ihNduSt;nà i]b;éur \ em;$r l÷ 1262
m;dÓ;j ú
Shlep;t " a;i@Y;r
klk;t; ú
Shlep;t " �gil y; a;j  Úa;E.An.As. ent;jI su&;WÛ n;em pirict)
jlep;t " r;jput;n;
ek;icn ú
Shlep;t " e&¹uriq
jlep;t " ber;d; \ keYki$ l÷
el;n;&l; ú
Shlep;t " ixb;jI
j;mngr ú
Shlep;t " &l¿sur;
ibx;%;p¼nm¿ ú
Shlep;t " srk;sR¿
jlep;t " es;m;btIà a;emd;b;d \ ixl'
m¹pm¿ ú
Shlep;t " $*;'r;
idöI "
Shlep;t " Ei¹Y; (s;¤q b­ekr ipzen)
a;Nd;m;n inek;br ú
jlep;t " er;ihl%¹à h'k'à e@k;nà eb^là ibh;rà ebluicSt;n \ kO‚;
&;retr b;Eer "
Ae@n ú
Shlep;t " @;bil¤ i$ eS$xn
b;h¿irn¿ ú
Shlep;t " @;bil¤ i$ eS$xn
(sb imileY 21i$ Shlep;t \ 53i$ jlep;t. AE ep;t‡ilek ibÓi$x a;mel bl; ht HMIS b; His Majesty's Indian Ship \ Sb;/Int;r pr bl; hY INS b; Indian Naval Ship)
    Akq; hYet; aenekr j;n; enE eyà 1857 s;elr esn; ibedÓ;eh b;°;ilr; a'xgÓh, kerizeln bel ibedÓ;ehr pr &;retr sxS] esn;Y b;°;iledr &itR pÓ;Y bN/ ker ed\Y; hY. ikNtu iátIY ibxByueä itni$ esn;b;ihnIE %ub dÓ³t bOiä p;\Y;Y a;b;r bŸ b;°;ilek &itR kr; hY. 1946 s;elr enoúesn; ibedÓ;ehr ent; izeln Akjn b;°;ilà Leading Telegraphist  ib.is.d¼à eymn izeln INA ent; ent;jI su&;W cNdÓ eb;s. eno esn; ibedÓ;eh xÓI de¼r @;nh;t izeln Akjn muslm;n n;ibkà Leading seaman Am.As.%;nà iyin per edx&;egr pr p;ikSt;n cel y;n. xÓI de¼r b-; h;t izeln Akjn ix% n;ibkà Petty Officer Telegraphist mdn is'à iyin eno esn; eqek br%;St hb;r pr ibelet cel y;n Ab' A%n esE%;enE bsb;s krezn. AE ihNduúmuslm;núix% triumvirate b; bIrib½m ent;]eYr itnjnE ¤Ccixi=t izeln Ab' E'r;jIr \ ihNduSh;nI %ub &;l blet p;retn. Az;‹; itnjenr me/*E entOsul& n;n;rkm ‡,\ izl.
   xÓIib.is. d¼ 1941 s;el enoúesn;Y &itR hn \ 1946 s;el t-;ek xÓIAm.As. %;n \ xÓImdn is'eYr s;eq enoúesn; eqek bih:kOt kr; hY. enoúesn; z;‹;r pr itin ebx keYk bzr muÁEeYr Free Press Journal n;em Aki$ ¤CcbegRr wdink pe] pÓqem s'b;d ib&;eg \ per sMp;dkIY ib&;eg k;j ker s;fl* l;& kern \ pi]k;r sMp;dekr ipÓY p;] heY \e#n. 1983 s;el y%n a;m;r xÓI de¼r se^ s;=;_k;r hY t%n ¤in Aki$ ib%*;t ib+;pn s'Sh;r ix%er ep-oez egezn. Ar keYk bzr pr itin absr enn \ muÁEeYr k;ezE Aki$ ez;| gÓ;m ekenn Ab' \-r ‡jr;it S]Ir s;h;ey* gÓ;mi$ek Aki$ a;dxR pöIet pir,t kern. 1983 s;el xÓImdn is' t-;r a;tÎIYúSbjnedr s;eq ed%; kret idöI Aesizeln esE smY t-;r se^\ a;m;r a;el;cn; hY enoúesn;r s;muidÓk \ enoúwsink Eith;s ib&;eg. p;ikSt;en xÓIAm.As.%;enr s;eq bŸ ecê; ker\ ek;n s'ey;g Sh;pn kr; sÅb hYin.
   enoúesn;Y q;k;k;iln xÓI ib.is.de¼r %ub sun;m izl. ibedÓ;ehr pr t;r E'erj km;i¹' aifs;r km;¹;r ik' t-;r sÁeN/ belnà 'Dutt was misguided, honest and a good man who had been led astray by some revolutionary organisation and had officers been able to give him more of their time and told him the other side of the story, he would have proved to be an excellent rating and a credit to any navy .' Free Press Journal - Ar s;eq q;k;k;lIn pi]k;r sMp;dekr k;ez ¥_s;h epeY xÓI d¼ enoúesn; ibedÓ;ehr \pr Aki$ bE ÚMutiny of the Innocents', ele%n y; sbR] sm;dOt heYez. enoúesn; ibedÓ;ehr bIj bpn heYizl ebx keYk bzr a;egE. 1942 \ 1945 Ar me/* nÛb;r ibedÓ;h hY Shlúesn;Yà b;Yuúesn;Y \ enoúesn;r keYki$ jlep;t \ Shlep;et. elef¿e$n*;N$ km;¹;r (per a*;@imr;l \ enoúesn;r cIf) &;Skr sd;ixb es;m;n ibedÓ;ehr pr Enquiry Commission ek beleznà ÚeseP$Ár 1942 s;el AEc.Am.a;E.As¿ ¤i‹W*; j;h;ej ey ibedÓ;h hY eni&r ktR;r; t; eqek ikzuE exe%nin. A-r; &uel egezn bŸ bzr pUebR ¤¼² enep;ilYenr kq;ú Úimil$;ir s;i&Res %;r;p ej;Y;n hY n;à hY %;r;p aifs;rÛ. i]x \ ciöexr dxek &;rtIY Shlesn; \ b;Yuesn;r keYki$ ixiber ebx keYkb;r ey sxS] ibedÓ;h heYizl t; ktROp= á;r; /;m;c;p; ed\Y;r fel ibedÓ;ehr tuW;nl bŸ bzr /er jBel itni$ esn;etE ibeSf;irt hY. enoúesn; ibedÓ;hek AE `$n; prMpr;Y Aki$ Water shed b; turning point iheseb g,* kern a;jekr ±ith;iskr;.
    1946 s;elr 18E efbÓ³Y;rIr sk;el xÓI ib.is. d¼à xÓI Am.As. %;n \ xÓI mdn is'eYr entOetB muÁEeYr ibedÓ;h e`;W,; kr; hY Ab' ebt;r s'ey;eg &;ret \ &;retr b;Eer pÓ;Y sb &;rtIY Shlep;et \ jlep;et keYk `N$;r me/*E ibedÓ;h zi‹eY pe‹. Ar eW;l idn a;egà 2r; efbÓ³Y;rIà AEc.Am.As¿. tl\Y;r Shlep;etr p*;er@ gÓ;¤¹Sh ey s*;lui$' p­*;$femR d-;i‹eY esidn esirem;inY;l p*;ere@ eni& cIefr s*;lu$ enb;r kq; izlà es%;en ed%; egl b‹ b‹ href epN$ kr; heYezà 'Jai Hind' \ 'Quit India'. per j;n; y;Yà AE du"s;hisk k;j kerizeln xÓI d¼ inejE.
    18E t;ire%r e&;er muÁEeYr Shlep;etr n;ibkr; k'egÓs pt;k; \ b*;n;r ¤i‹eY muÁEeYr r;jpeq Aki$ ex;&;y;]; b;r kern Ab' Loud speaker Ar s;h;ey* ¤wCc"Sber ex­;g;n idet q;ek. U.S. Information Office Ar s;men a;emirk;n j;tIY pt;k; ep;‹;en; hY. xherr bŸ j;Yg;Y \ enoúesn; j;h;ej m;Stuel k'egÓsà musilm lIg \ a;E.An.AúAr jY ihNd pt;k; ¤e¼;ln kr; hY Ab' eni&r An¿ isn¿ (En sign) \ ibÓi$x j;tIY pt;k; E¤inY;n¿ j*;k¿ (Union Jack) n;imeY en\Y; hY. ey j;h;j‡il ibedÓ;ehr a'xgÓh, kerizl esE‡ilet ibedÓ;hI n;ibkr; inejedr aifs;redr t-;edr k*;iben bNdI b; njrbNdI ker r;e%n Ab' j;h;ejr k;m;n‡il bNder ibixê aifsà \Y;k¿Rxp¿à @Ó;E@k¿ Et*;idr idek `uireY r;e%n. ibedÓ;hIr; muÁEeYr j;h;j‡ilek t;jmhl eh;e$là eg$\eY af Ei¹Y;à s;mirk \ b;i,ij*k eni&r @k¿ EY;@Rà eji$à e½n Et*;idr idek `uireY r;e%n Ab\ ebx keYkb;r bNduekr ‡il \ k;m;enr eg;l;bWR, kern.
   AE a;½me,r pÓiti½Y;Y ibÓi$x ktORp= esn;b;ihnIr keYki$ erijemN$ a;ineY ibedÓ;hIedr \pr Z-;ek Z-;ek ‡il c;l;Y. esn;b;ihnIr bŸ &;rtIY ej;Y;n &;rtIY enoúwsinkedr ‡il bWRe,r a;edx am;n* kr;Y abSh; ji$l heY \e#. kr;cI \ an*;n* bNderr Shlep;etr \ jlep;et anu–p `$n; `e$.
   ibedÓ;h cl;k;iln enoúesn;r km;¹;rúEnúcIf &;Es a*;@imr;l jn g$efÓ (John Godfrey) At ¤e¼ijt \ e½;/;iNbt heY pe‹n ey al Ei¹Y; eri@\ eqek pÓc;irt Aki$ s;b/;n b;,Iet itin beln eyà ibedÓ;hIr; a;tÎsmpR, n; krel itin Shlesn;r et;p a;ineY puer; &;rtIY enoúesn; ¤i‹eY edebn. ifL@ m;xR;l Viscount Wevell (iyin Lord Wevell n;em ebix pirict izeln) t%n &;retr &;EsrY b; b‹l;$. itin\ a;r\ keYkjn aenk keê a*;@imr;l g$efÓek =;Nt kern. teb Akq; iniXct eyà ¤in yid &;rtIY enoúesn;ek sMpU,R–ep /B's kr;r ecê; kretn et; t;r pÓiti½Y; d;b;nel a;m;edr edx hYet; esE bzerE Sb;/Int; l;& kret p;ret;. d;m;m; b;ijeY k;m;n z-ue‹ ex;&;y;]; b;r kernà Z-;ek Z-;ek bNduekr ‡il c;ileY ey ibedÓ;h º• hY t; an;Y;es keYk sPt;ehr me/*E s;r; edex zi‹eY Asp;r \sp;r het p;ret;; ikNtu g;N/IjIà enh•à p*;e$là em;r;rjI Et*;id ent;edr n;n;rkm a;xB;s \ Ÿmiket ibedÓhIr; itnidenr me/*E a;tÎsmpR, ker.
   iátIY mh;yueär a;eg Ab' yuäk;lIn j;p;in \ j;mR;inedr s;eq s;muidÓk em;k;ibl;Y &;rtIY n;ibkr; b;rb;r pÓm;, kerizeln ey yuäekoxel exoyR \ bIeyR t-;r; ibÓi$xedr smk=. m;leY m;En suEip' ap;erxenà a;r;k;n a÷el ¤pkUl yueäà j;p;nI yuä j;h;ejr se^ eg;l;ibinmeYà &;retr \ ebx keYki$ an*;n* edexr t$à áIpà b;i,ij*k j;h;jà bNdr \ t$s'lg« s;gr Al;k; r=;Y t-;r; aenk e=e] b;ik sb;EeYr a;eg izeln. ikNtu m;Een \ suib/;r (y;ek creature comfort bl; hY) ebl;Y t-;r; izeln sb;r epzen. AE %¹yueä\ t-;r; ibÓi$x ktORpe=r &Y p;EeY ideYizeln itn idenE.
   AE ibedÓ;eh ht;hetr s'%*; izl AErkmú muÁEeY inht Akjn ibedÓ;hI \ a;ht zÛjnà Akjn ibÓi$x aifs;r inht \ Akjn a;ht Ab' dui$ Shlesn; ej;Y;n a;ht; kr;cIet inht a;$jn ibedÓhI n;ibk \ eti]xjn a;htà bŸ ibÓi$x Shlesn; ej;Y;n a;ht; an*;n* ibedÓ;h ekeNdÓ bŸ ibedÓ;hI \ ibÓi$x ej;Y;n a;ht. sb ineY AE ibedÓ;eh a'xgÓh, ker dxi$ Shlep;tà z;p;µi$ jlep;t \ c;ri$ j^I em;$reb;e$r ef­;i$l; (Flotila) b; eg;ëI. enh•à p*;e$l Ab' a;r\ keYkjn r;jenitk ent; ibedÓ;hIedr AE a;xB;s ideYizeln eyà a;tÎsmpR, krb;r pr t-;edr sb;E c;kiret bh;l r;%; heb \ ibedÓ;ehr k;r, dUr kr; heb. ikN¼ a;tÎsmpR, kr;r prE 476 jn n;ibkek egÓPt;r kÛer per br%;St kr; hY Ab' keYkjnek k;r;jIbn \ br, kret hY. AE izl A-edr jIben Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;em a'xgÓh, krb;r ¤pyu¼² purSk;rÞ
   enoúesn; ibedÓ;ehr k;r, %iteY ed%et igeY p;\Y; egl aenk ikzu "
   Ak " AkE s;i&Res ibi&µ el;ekedr j;it b; /mR ibc;r ker t;edr m;Een \ suibe/ ed\Y; izl esidenr &;rtIY enoúesn;Y ibÓi$x nIit. n;ibkedr ibÓi$xà a*;'el;úEiçY;nà &;rtIY eg;Y;nIj %ÓI:$;nà p;isRà muslm;nà ihNdu Et*;id j;it b; /;imRk eg;:#Iet &;g kr; ht. ibÓi$x \ a*;'el;úEiçY;n n;ibkedr m;Een izl ihNdu b; muslm;nedr m;Eenr eceY a;$ eqek dx ‡, ebix. &;rtIY n;ibkedr %;b;r ed\Y; ht •i$ b; k-;kr \ m;i$ emx;en; &;t \ @;l. ikNtu Ús;ehbÛ b; Úa;/; s;ehbÛr; epetn sbikzu. &;rtIYr; e$;eme$;à kipà g;jr \ an*;n* siÑà murigà i@m Et*;id ek;nidnE epetn n;. AibWeY xÓI d¼ belezn ÚE'erj \ a*;'el; Ei¹Y;n n;ibkr; n;ibk heY\ izeln Aki$ a;l;d; k®;s. A-edr m;Een aenk ebix izl. A-edr E¤infemR k;p‹à juet;à ebL$à $uip Et*;id aenk &;el; ed\Y; ht. A-edr q;kb;r j;Yg;à k*;iN$nà zui$ \ an*;n* suibe/ aenk &;el; izl. erel y;t;Y;et A-r; \perr k®;es eyetnà a;m;edr jn* br;â izl q;@R k­;s. \-r; Ún;ifÛ (NAAFI-Navy Army Air Force Institute) k*;iN$n\ a;m;edr k*;iN$en ab;e/ eyet p;retnà ikNtu a;mr; Ún;ifÛet eyet p;rt;m n;. &;rtIY n;ibkedr sb aifs;rekE s*;lu$ kret htà ikN\ s;ehb b; a;/;s;ehb n;ibkr; &;rtIY aifs;r b; Viceroy's Commission aifs;redr s*;lu$ kretn n;. a;mr; &;rtIY n;ibkr; aifs;redr emesr i]sIm;n;Y eyet p;rt;m n;à ikNtu A-r; pÓ;YE es%;en Aes aifs;redr s;eq p;n a;h;r kretn.
   A ibWeY ibedÓ;ehr an*tm ent; xÓI mdn is' Ak s;=;_k;er a;m;ek belnà ÚinkOê E¤infmRà q;k;r j;Yg;à %;b;r Et*;id et; izlE t;r s;eq izl isinYr s;d; b; %;ik c;m‹;r n;ibk \ aifs;redr akq* g;ilg;l;j. E'erj \ a*;'el; Ei¹Y;n n;ibkr; pÓ;Y aifs;redr smk= izlà t;r perr Ster izl &;rtIY %ÓIê;nr;à t;r per muslm;n \ sbRineMn a;mr; ihNdu \ ix%r;. Akidn Akjn muslm;n isinYr n;ibkek t;r Ak muslm;n bN/uek blet ºenizl;múA%n eqek a;im º/u muslm;n n;ibkedrE pÓem;xenr beNd;bSt krb.Û
   duE " a;r Akjn &;rtIY n;ibk Ak s;=;_k;er belnà Ú&;rtIY n;ibkedr ix=;r m;n izl ¤eCc. a;mr; pÓ;Y sb;E ibexW ker kim¤inekxn ib&;egr n;ibkr; E'erj \ a*;e'el; Ei¹Y;n n;ibkedr eceY &;el; E'irij b; ihNduSh;nI j;nt;mà e$kÀink*;l k;j b; k;gjp] ebix &;el; buZt;m \ sbrkm k;ej sm;n d= izl;m.Û
   itn " &;rtIY n;ibkr; E¤infmR pret lÕ; epetnà k;r, at*Nt inm«Sterr k;pe‹ t-;edr ¤idR wtrI het;. xItk;elr E¤infmR ede% men ht kÁl eke$ wtrI kr; heYez. km;¹;r ip.Am. &;igRj n;em a;m;r Ak absr pÓ;Pt shkmIR esE smY enoúesn;Y bY (Boy) izeln. m;esr exeW itin m;Een epetn dx $;k;. \-r A%n\ men a;ez Akb;r g*;ilet (eni&et ikecn¿ ek galley bl; hY) itin igeY Ak$u &;l %;b;r c;Eel kuk¿úr; e%-ikeY ¤#et;à Úeg;erk; b;Cc; bn¿ gY; h*;Y ikY;?Û
   c;r " ihNdu \ muslm;n ibb;iht pirb;rek edexE r;%et het;. k;r, A-edr ek;en; ek;Y;$;sR ed\Y; het; n;. bzerr pr bzr zui$ n; p;\Y;Y a;tÎIY Sbjnedr s;iµ/* n; epeY j;h;ej b; b*;r;k¿es eqek A-edr sh*xi¼² dÓ²t kem a;sizlà t;r s;eq izl apm;enr pr apm;n. Akb;r Aki$ n;ibk t;r zui$r a;ebden ele% eyà es t;r ibeYr peret keYk bzr a;eg j;h;ej cel a;esà t;E t;r A%en; ek;en; sNt;n hYin \ t;r zui$et y;\Y; Ak;Nt pÓeY;jn. t;r a;ebdnpe] E'erj km;i¹' aifs;r ele%nà ÚAjn* et;m;r edex y;\Y;r ik pÓeY;jn? es%;en et;m;r &;Er; a;ezà t;r; AE pÓeY;jn inXcYE em$;et p;er.Û
   p-;c " yuä cl;k;lIn ir½u$emN$ ktR;r; t;‹;t;i‹ esn; s'%*; b;‹;b;r jn* aenk imeq* pÓc;err s;h;ey* bŸ ¤Cc ixi=t &;el; `err ezelek pÓt;r,; kerizeln.' Join the Navy and see the world' et; izlEà a;er; izl n;n;rkm pÓel;&n. ikNtu &itR hb;r perE am;nuiWk b*bh;r epeY ibedÓ;ehr ix%; A-edr hÌdeY shejE pÓjBilt heYizl.
   zY " n;ibkedr &itR krb;r jn* Recruiting Officer úr; elkc;r \ ep;S$;er yueär pr &;el; c;kirr pÓitxÓ³it ideYizeln sb;Eek; ikNtu 1945úA yueär ab*biht perE y%n s;mirk b;ihnIr h;j;r h;j;r esn;ek demobilise kr; hYà tYn t;edr punbRsitr ek;en; beNd;bStE kr; hY in. yueär eg;‹;etE pÓk;ixt 'The Navy and its Job' puiStk;Y bl; heYizlà 'The RIN is mouled on the lines of the Royal Navy because, without exception, it is the oldest, the most efficient and the finest fighting service in the world. It offers better pay, promotion, treatment and amenities. The Navy needs men of intelligence and singleness of purpose who when united, will man India's warships and protect India's seabourne trade against attacks of aggression.' ± sb ili%t pÓitxÓ³it se¼B\ ainiXct &ibW*t ineY imil$;ir c;kiret 10/15 bzr pirb;err eqek dUer k;i$eY S]Iúpu]semt r;St;Y d-;‹;en; z;‹; ¤p;Y izl n; ebixr &;g n;ibekrE.
   s;t " yuäk;lIn j;h;jbOiär smY eni&et aifs;r en\Y; heYizl s;r; pOiqbI eqekú hl*;¹à fÓ;Nsà nr\eYà r;ixY;à suEe@nà aeS$ÓilY;à k;n;@;à in¤ijl*;¹à di=, a;ifÓk; Et*;idú y;edr ebixr &;egrE aifs;r hb;r ey;g*t; izl n;. Az;‹; rY*;l eni&r aenk n;ibkek yuäk;lIn kimxn ideY rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&et aifs;err ped a;n; hY. A-edr\ aifs;r hb;r ey;g*t; izl n; blelE cel. A-edr sb;EeYr &;W;Y c;r a=err ax;lIn xeÝr bŸl pÓeY;gà kq;Y kq;Y &;rtIY n;ibkedr x;iSt \ g;l;g;il ed\Y;r ae&*s q;k;Y abSh; ibeSf;rk heY ¤e#izl. t;z;‹; AE aifs;rr; j;h;ejr i@¤i$ú if{ md aitir¼² pirm;e, p;n ker m;tl;em; kretn \ n;ibkedr se^ a;er; %;r;p b*bh;r kretn. j;h;j bNder q;k;k;lIn pÓ;YE j;h;ejr e@ek xherr inMnSterr emeYedr Aen bl•m @*;iNs'úAr se^ ¤â;m nOt* \ ax­Il g;n g;\Y; &;rtIYedr ec;e% em;e$E &;el; l;eg in.
   AE ibeSf;rk abSh;ek a;er; ¤¼Pt kerizl ibgt 50 bzerr ibexW ker i]x \ ciöx dxekr r;jwnitk `$n;‡il y; /;ep /;ep s;mirk b;ihnI‡ilek ibedÓ;ehr peq ineY y;Y.
   1982ú84 s;el A ibWeY gebW,; \ t¼B;nusN/;nk;el a;im ebx keYkjn ibedÓ;hIà esE smYk;r &;rtIY \ E'r;j aifs;r Ab' r;jwnitk ent;edr s;eq s;=;_ ker a;el;cn; kir. A-edr me/* izeln xÓIem;r;rij edx;Eà xÓImtI a•,; a;sf a;ilà xÓIimnu m;s;inà xÓI ib.is.d¼à xÓImdn is'à a*;@imr;l ib.is.es;m;nà a*;@imr;l As.An. ek;hilà &;Es a*;@imr;l a;r.ek.As. g;N/I (Ein per ihm;cl pÓedexr g&Rnr heYizeln) Ab' a;r\ keYkjn ibixê b*i¼².
   1946 s;el xÓImtI a•,; a;sf a;il izeln akjn k'egÓs es;x*;ilS$ Ab' ibedÓ;ehr a;egE itin itni$ esn;b;ihnIr ej;Y;nedr se^ s'ey;g Sh;pn kerizeln. ibedÓ;h cl;k;el \ per itin duÛpe=r me/* m/*Sht;\ kerizeln. \-r se^ ed%; kret a;im igeYizl;m idiör dirY;ge¢ \-r b;i‹et. \-r pirb;err sb;EeYr %;nd;in b*bh;er \ a;dbú k;Yd;Y muÔ heY igeYizl;m.
   s;=;tk;er xÓImtI a;sf a;il beln eyà c|gÓ;em aS];g;r luN#nà 1942úAr &;rt z;e‹; a;Nd;ln \ sb exeW ent;jIr a;E.An.A. Sh;pnà \ Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;em ey;g ed\Y; Ab' per ibc;er AE b;ihnIr ent;edr mui¼² enoúesn;r n;ibkedr sxS] a;eNd;len mui¼²r pq edi%eY edY. ¤in a;er; belnà Shlesn; \ b;Yuesn;Y ibedÓ;ehr pr enoesn;Y (y;r n;ibkr; an* dui$ esn;r ej;Y;nedr tuln;Y ¤Ccixi=t izl) ibedÓ;h h\Y; abx*Å;bI heY ¤e#izl.
   xÓImtI a;sf a;il belnà 'The 1942 open rebellion against British rule had, by and large, aroused, as never before, the sense of patriotism in the Indians serving in the British Indian army, Navy and Air Force. Till then they felt they were no more than mercenaries. But now they felt like patriots. my personal reaction naturally was one of elation because I felt that if the British offer of freedom proved to be a hoax, the recent RIAF and the present RIN protest actions were an indication that if negotiations with Cabinet Mission would end in failure, the next phase of India's struggle for freedom (with the military services participating) would be final and colonial rule would be buried once and for all.'
     xÓImtI a•,; a;sf a;il a;r\ beln eyà Ai$ º/u imil$;ir ktROpe=r discrimination b; p=p;ittB aqb; enoúesn;r inYmk;nuenr ib•eä n;ilx nY. Ai$ izl ibÓe$enr s;mÓ;j*b;dI nIità h;j;r h;j;r inrIh S]Iúpu•Wek (1942úA \ Ar per) ibn; k;re, egÓPt;r ker at*;c;r ker elohkp;e$r epzen bzerr pr bzr efel r;%;à bŸ j;Yg;Y aih's jnge,r \pr ‡ilbWR, \ bŸ el;ekr mOt*u (y;edr Akm;] apr;/ izl edexr mui¼²r jn* ai&y;n c;ileY y;\Y;) Et*;idr ib•eä sxS] ibedÓ;h e`;W,; kr;. g;N/IjI ibÓi$x at*;c;rek leonine violence b; Úis'ehr k;m‹Û xeÝ b,Rn; kerizeln. t-;r metà AE ibedÓ;eh pÓm;, hl ey puer; s;mirk b;ihnIetE ibÓi$xedr ib•eä crm aseNt;W zi‹eY pe‹ez. A ibWeY ek;en; seNdh enE ey enoúesn; ibedÓ;h k*;iben$ imxenr icNt;/;r;ek Amn pÓ&;ibt kerizl ey ag;S$ 1947 s;elE a;m;edr Sb;/Int; idet t;r; b;/* hY.
   AE pÓse^ xÓImtI a;sf a;il a;r\ beln eyà In 1942 I certainly did think since non-violence practised by most Congressmen since 1930 had hardly made any impact on the British colonialists' attitude towards the demand for Swaraj, I, rightly or wrongly, came to the conclusion that non-violent action was not enough and, therefore, had to be supplemented by more effective action which could be described as violent. Yes, I was aware of Gandhiji's disapproval of my encouragement to the RIN boys and at the point of time I openly disagreed with him. Despite this long span of time from 1946 to 1984, i.e., 38 years, I have no reason to revise my views.
     xÓImtI a;sf a;lIr s;eq s;=;etr ab*biht perE a;im muÁ;EeYr emirn @Ó;Ee&r xÓIk;iNt edx;EeYr b;i‹et (ytdUr men pe‹ b;i‹i$r n;m izl iri&eYr;) xÓIem;r;rjI edx;EeYr s;eq s;=;_ kir. em;r;rjI&;E 1946 s;el t_k;lIn eb;Á;E r;ej*r gOhmN]I izeln \ itin ibÓi$x s;mÓ;j*b;dIedr anugt anucr iheseb t-;r puilx b;ihnI ineY Úx;iNtÛ r=; krb;r jn* ibedÓ;hIedr sMÎu%In heYizelnà yid\ puilxek ‡il c;l;b;r a;edx edb;r s;hs t-;r hYin. s;=;tk;err smY xÓIem;r;rjI %ubE asuSh \ xy*;gt izeln; ikNtu a;m;edr se^ ed%; kret r;ij hn. ¤in pÓqemE beln eyà 1946 s;elr enoúesn; ibedÓ;h izl mutiny b; ibedÓ;hà strike b; /mR`$ nY. t;rper pÓ;Y ibxi$ pÓex«r ¤¼er ¤in AkE jb;b ednú a;m;r ikzuE men enE.
     AEidn a;im ebsrk;rI ep;x;ekE izl;m. pridn buiä ker a;m;r eni&r E¤infmR per y;E \ pÓqem s*;lu$ Ab' t;rperE \-r p;eY h;t ideY pÓ,;m kir. t;et itin at*Nt pÓIt heln \ aenk kq; bleln.
   ¤in blelnà Úede%; ehà et;m;edr n;ibkedr ibÓi$x srk;r ej;r ker eni&et &itR kernin. t-;r; sb;E eSbCz;Y AE c;kiret a;esn (they were volunteers and not conscripts). atAb t-;edr ibedÓ;h b; /mR`$ krb;r ek;en;E ai/k;r izl n;. t-;edr m;Eenp]à j;m;k;p‹à %;b;rd;b;rà q;kb;r j;Yg; b; aifs;redr aex;&n b*bh;err ib•eä n;ilx kret hel c;kir eqek EStf; ideY (em;r;rjI &;el; kerE j;netn ey imil$;ir c;kir eqek y%n EeCz EStf; ed\Y; y;Y n;) ibi/smÎt b; constitutional &;eb a;ipl kr; ¤ict izl for the redressal of their greivances! imil$;iret b; puilx ibedÓ;h a;EnsmÎt nY.
   Úa;im em;e$E men kir n; eyà ibedÓ;hI n;ibkedr ek;$R m;xR;là s;m;irk $Ó;Y;l Et*;id ker c;kir eqek br%;St kr; ¤ict hY in. teb a;im AE pÓitxÓ³it ideYizl;m eyà ibedÓ;hI n;ibkr; a;tÎsmpR, krel a;im AE ecê; kreb; y;et t-;edr ib•eä aibc;r kr; n; hY. a;im A\ men kir n; eyà ibedÓ;hIedr Sb;/Int;r puebR b; per c;kiret ifireY en\Y; ¤ict izl.Û Úa;im a;er; men kir eyà enoúesn; ibedÓ;eh a;m;edr Sb;/Int; pÓ;iPt tBr;inBt hYin. ibedÓ;hIedr per Sb;/Int; s'gÓ;mIedr epnxn¿ ed\Y; em;e$E ¤ict hYin. A-r; ik epnxn¿ p;b;r jn* sb;/Int; yueä enemizeln?Û
   ent;jIr a;E.An.A sÁeN/ ¤in beln eyà \-r met a;m;edr Sb;/Int; p;\Y;et ent;jIr b; t-;r ibedÓ;hI sxS] b;ihnIr ek;nE abd;n izl n;. Sb;/Int; Aenizeln g;N/Iij. t;z;‹; ± smY ibÓi$x elb;r p;i$R\ buZet eperizeln ey &;rtbWRek a;r r;%; y;eb n;. t;E t-;r; a;m;edr edxek Sb;/Int; ideY g;N/Iijr h;et tuel edn.
   a;m;r ez;$ebl;k;r ipÓY bE 'Our India' (ciöx dxek pÓk;ixt) y;r el%k xÓIimnu m;s;inr s;eq\ AE smeY ed%; kir muÁEeYr k;l; e`;‹;r k;ez abiSht \-r aifes. ede% &;el; l;gel; eyà iyin 1946 s;elr ibedÓ;ehr smY Akjn k'egÓs es;x*;ilS$ hey esN$Ó;l elijs¿eli$& a*;esÁilr s&* izelnà itin A%en; %ubE kmRb*St. enoúesn; ibedÓ;ehr pr 22ex efbÓ³Y;rIà 1946 k'egÓs es;x*;ilS$ p;i$Rr e@pui$ il@;r jn;b a;sf a;il AE ibedÓ;ehr \pr Aki$ adjournment motion a;enn. AE pÓse^ xÓIm;s;in belnà 'In a speech on the occasion, I appealed to the British to leave the country while there still was some Army, Navy and Air Force left for them........... The prestige of the authorities had been preserved because our national leaders of all parties were prepared in the interest of this country to endorse the call of the authorities. I wonder whether this kind of victory (on the part of the authorities) was worth having. The ratings who surrendered in the interest of the country, I said, were actually the moral victors of the struggle. Surely, I continued, the British Government did not have to wait for another mutiny. They should go while there was still some social stability and law and order left.'
     xÓIm;s;in a;er; beln eyà srk;err eba;Ein a;edx am;n* kr; sÁeN/ xÓIjYpÓk;x n;r;Y, y; belizen ¤in t-;r se^ Akmt izeln. x]³r s;eq yuä kr; \ inejr j;t&;EeYr ib•eä bNduk /r; dui$ sMpU,R a;l;d; ijinW. ibexW ker y%n j;t&;EeYr; racial discrimination \ poor service conditions Ar jn* ]²äà ib=ub¯ \ apm;int eb;/ kerizeln Ab' national feelings t-;edr ibexW&;eb pÓ&;ibt kerizl.
   ibedÓ;ehr smY Defence Secretary izeln Philips Mason n;em Akjn ibixê a;E.is.As. iyin Akjn &;rtepÓmI Ab' &;rt \ &;rtIYedr \pr keYki$ &;el; &;el; bEeYr gÓNh;g;r. t;r me/* &;rtIY Shlesn;r \pr el%; 'A Matter of Honour' %ub sm;dr p;Y. ibedÓ;ehr 38 bzr b;ed t-;ek el%; pÓx«;blIr jb;eb itin ele%nà 'I have suggested in my book A Matter of Honour that whenever there was a mutiny in the Indian armed forces, one could say there were three causes- a general feeling of unease and disquiet of political origin, some military grievance about food or dress or pay and, finally, bad officers. In the years leading up to the partition and independence, there was widespread uncertainty about the political future and anxiety about affairs at home.'
     pi¹t j\hrl;l enh• \ sdR;r bö&&;E p*;e$l dujenE ibedÓ;ehr sMpU,R ib•eä izeln Ab' t-;edr trIr p;l eqek ibedÓ;hIr; aenk%;in h;\Y; b;r ker en\Y;et at*Nt ]³uä heYizeln. ibedÓ;h cl;k;el muÁ;EeY j\hrl;elr &g«I xÓImtI kO‚; h;it is'úAr k;rm;Eekl er;e@r b;i‹et A-r; dujn Ab' a;er; keYkjn ibixê b*i¼²à eymn b*bs;YI xÓIe&é$r;\ \gelà xÓIac*u_ p|b/Rn (Ein per xÓI ej kO‚mUitRr ixW* heYizeln \ ecµ;EeYr a;xÓem izelnà t;E idiöet t-;r sfdrj^ er;@Sh b;s&ben b;rb;r igeY\ s;=;_ hYin)à A-r &;E xÓIjn;dRn p|b/Rnà xÓIa;p; pNh Ab' ikzu enoúesn;r aifs;rúelf¿$n*;N$ km;¹;r (per a*;@imr;l \ eni& cIf) r;md;s k;$;irà elf¿e$n*;N$ km;¹;r (per irY;r a*;@imr;l) As. ij. kmR;rkr \ elf¿e$n*;N$ (per a*;@imr;l \ eni& cIf) As. An. ek;hil a;el;cn;r jn* simÎilt hn.
   Aki$ s;=;tk;er a*;@imr;l kmR;rkr blelnà 'As usual Mr. Nehru went off the track and started talking about youth, enthusiasm, aspiration, etc. My colleagues asked Mr. Nehru whether he would be supportive of the youth if they resorted to doing things like staging a mutiny in a well-regulated service. This upset the old man and he got angry,'
   a*;@imr;l ek;hil t-;r s;=;tk;er blelnà ÚAfter arrival at Mrs. Hathisingh's house, we waited for our turn. When we went in, Panditji said : What can I do for you?' I was taken aback because I thought he had sent for us. When my two companions did not say very much, I piped up, 'At no time has the Congress so far given the armed forces clear guidelines or a clear directive on how to conduct themselves in the present politically disturbed conditions in the country.' Panditji went red in the face and retorted : ' Thank you for teaching me my job.'
    t_k;lIn &;retr &;EsrY l@R \eYe&l 22ex m;cR 1946úA Aki$ irep;$R ele%nà 'The last three months have been anxious and depresing. They have been marked by continuous and unbridled abuse of the Government, of the British, of officials and the police, in political speeches, in practically the whole of the Press, and in the (Central Legislative) Assembly; by serious rioting in Bombay; by a mutiny in the RIN, much indiscipline in the RIAF, some unrest in the Indian Army; by an unprecedented drought and famine conditions over many parts of India; by threatened strikes on the Railways and in the Posts and Telegraphs; by a general sense of insecurity and lawlessness. It is a sorry tale of misfortune and folly. Perhaps the best way to look at it is that India is in the birth- pangs of a new order; that birth-pangs are never pleasant and often dangerous; and that sometimes the crude methods of Indian 'midwives' are notorious but not always fatal.....'
      mh;tÎ; g;N/I\ h#;_ enoúesn;Y ibedÓ;h h\Y;r ]³uä \ ibcilt hn. 26ex efbÓ³Y;rI 1946à aqR;_ ibedÓ;hIedr a;tÎsmpRe,r zÛidn prà g;N/Iij Aki$ ibbOitet t-;r ¤:m; pÓk;x kern. itin beln eyà pi¹t enh• \ sdR;r p*;e$elr pr;mxR ºen ibedÓ;hIr; a;tÎsmpR, kr;et itin iniXcNt eb;/ krezn. ibedÓ;hIedr eb;Z; ¤ict eyà t;r; a;tÎsmpR, kr;et t-;edr smÎ;nh;in hYin. teb ibedÓ;h ker t-;r; %ubE an*;Y kerezn. t-;edr yid ek;n kiLpt b; b;Stibk n;ilx q;ket; et; t-;r; edexr r;jwnitk ent;edr pr;mxR inet p;retn. g;N/Iij ikN\ em;r;rjI&;EeYr met; &;el;&;ebE j;netn eyà s;mirk b;ihnIr esn;edr r;jwnitk ent;edr se^ s'SpxR r;%; ek;$R m;xR;el d¹nIY hb;r met; apr;/. t-;r AE ¤pedex m*;ikY;e&ilr (Machiavelli- r;jwnitk zlc;turIr pÓqm p;#*puStk Il Principe Ar el%kà mOt*u 1527) icNt;/;r; pÓitibÁ p;\Y; y;eCz n; ik ?
     g;N/Iij a;r\ belnà Úek;en; revolutioary political party r entOtB z;‹; enoúesn;r n;ibkedr ibedÓ;h ker edex Sb;/Int; a;nb;r b; eni&r ab*bSh; sur;h; krb;r ek;en;E sÅ;bn; izl n;. &ul peq cl;Y AE n;ibkedr b; &;retr =itE heYezà ek;n l;& hYin. xÓImtI a•,; a;sf a;il hYet; men kern eyà n;ibkr; ibedÓ;h ker t;edr exoyR b; pr;½m edi%eYez; ikNtu a;m;r met A$; a;tÎht*; kr;r met; eb;k;im heYizl. a•,; a;er; belez eyà Sb;/Int; a;net ey peq s;fl* p;\Y; y;ebú es ih's; a/mR b; aih's; /mRE eh;kú t;E a;m;edr c;E. AE icNt;/;r; b; &;bn; sMpU,R &ul. a•,;ek a;im ij+;s; kret c;Eú a;m;edr p;i$Rr aih's;/mIR nIit ablÁn ker a;mr; Sbr;ejr idek ik AigeY y;iCz n; (a;b;r m*;ikY;e&ilÞ)? a;m;r met Ayurg Sb;/Int; yueä Aki$E aS] b*bh;yRú aih's;.Û
enoúesn; ibedÓ;h ekn heYizlà ibedÓ;h n; hel ik htà ibedÓ;ehr ik pÓiti½³Y; hyà ibedÓ;eh a;m;edr Sb;/Int; pÓ;iPt AigeY Aesizl ikn;à a;m;edr r;jwnitk ent;r; ibÓi$x ktORpe=r s;eq h;t imileY ibedÓ;hIedr dmn krb;r ecê; kerizl ikn;à ibedÓ;hIedr pÓit AE ent;edr men ŠWR; j;gÓt heYizl ikn; Et*;id pÓs^ esE smY s;r; pOiqbIet a;el;ict heYizl. teb Akq; anSbIk;yR eyà ibedÓ;hIr; yid t-;edr pirkLpn;met; Ak m;s ik duÛm;s &;retr pÓ/;n bNdr‡ilek bN/ ere% a;md;in/rPt;nI sMpU,R&;eb bN/r;%et; t;hel ibÓi$x x;sn aicerE exW heY a;m;edr Sb;/Int; pÓ;iPt aNtt" Ak bzr AigeY eyet;.
     ibedÓ;ehr k;r, \ pÓiti½³Y; ibex­We, a;im xÓI ib.is. de¼r 'Mutiny of Innocents' eqek t-;r anbd* &;W;Y el%; dui$ ‡•tBpU,R anueCzd A%;en ¤äOt kriz. 'If there ever was a revolutionary situation in India, it was there in the mid-forties. The mushroom clouds if smoke over the two Japanese cities had buried under its fallout much that man had cherised. Along with it went the prevalent notions of imperial glory. In India a new generation had grown by wearing the soldier's uniform and exulting in the sound of gunfire. Most of them wanted the total overthrow of the Raj. The means did not matter much. Nor were they at that point of time in Indian history, yhe only ones to feel the way they did. Other segments of the society were aiso similarly inclined. But the (political) leadership would not have it. They nipped what the young thought was the revolution in the bud. There were reasons for such an attitude. The Mahatma, of course, was dead-set against violence, whatever the cause. But his followers were an old, tired lot in a hurry for freedom during their lifetime at any price. It is true that the Mahatma wanted to give the British another chance to prove their bonafides. If they failed, the Mahatma intended to rally the country for another battle. He did not get that chance. He had to accept the partition of the country, because his lieutenants did not give him another choice. For once, and at the most crucial and heart-breaking of times, everything went against him. The leaders were a tired lot, veterans of many battles, now turned old and impatient. It wwas natural; they were only being human; above all, characteristically Indian. Their actions were in total accord with the national character.'
      xÓIde¼r &;W;Y a;ez buiäjIbIsul& \ bYes;ict pirpKt;à &;rtIY Eith;esr AE water shed `$n;i$ek a;NtjR;itk k*;n&;es ed%b;r =mt; \ sU=Î ibex­W,à y;r pÓit/Bin p;E l@R \eYe&elr irepR;e$ \ Philip Mason, Jack Gibson Et*;id bŸ E'erj el%kedr (y-;edr me/* ebx keYkjn esE smY &;rtIY enoúesn;Y E'erj aifs;rr; edex ifer igeY Aki$ RIN Association Sh;pn ker pÓit bzr Akb;r Aki$ a;el;cn;ce½ a;j\ imilt hn. A-r; &;rtIY enoúesn;ek A%n\ g&Ir&;eb &;el;b;esn \ A-edr mt;metr s;eq xÓIde¼r mNteb*r a;XcyR iml ed%; y;Y.
     iátIY mh;yuä cl;k;lIn &;rtIY Shlesn; \ b;yuesn;r ibedÓ;ehr se^ i#kmet; co-ordination hel efbÓ³Y;rI 1946 Ar enoúesn; ibedÓ;h a;m;edr Sb;/Int; tBr;inBt kret p;ret;. t;hel 1857à 1930 \ per ent;jIr a;E.An.Aúr Sb;/Int; ey;ä;r; y; eceYizelnú a%¹ Sb;/In &;rtú t; sÅb h\Y;et ek;en; b;/; hYet; het; n;à yid a;m;edr jr;&;r;½;Nt r;jwnitk ent;r; t-;edr jIibtk;elE Sb;/Int;r fl e&;g krb;r Sb;eqR edxek idBú%i¹t kret r;ij n; hetn. A-r; \ A-edr anubtIRg, gt 86 bzr AE kq; c;p; edb;r ecê; ker a;sezn. ikN\ a;j Sb;/Int;r perr ad¯Rxt;ÝIr perspectiveúib+jenr; sb;E SbIk;r kern eyà a;m;edr nation stateúAr mui¼² s'gÓ;em jYmukue$r m/*mi, heY enoúesn;r Sb;/Int; yä icrk;l ¤ÕBl heY q;keb. a;b;r a;pn;edr men kireY idEú x;eS] belà ÚjleYm ys*à bleYm ts*.Û
   ibxB&;rtIr pÓ;¼²n ¤p;c;yR xÓIinm;E s;/n bsu klk;t;r ÚbtRm;nÛ pi]k;r (15E a;gS$à 2000) ÚSb;/Int; s'%*;YÛ ile%ezn eyà sb idk ibc;r ker idBtIY ibxB mh;yueär pr E'erjr; ihesr ker ede%izl &;ret ibÓi$x x;sn k;eYm ere% l;e&r eqek el;ks;n hiCzl aenk ebix. AE yued¯r zÛbzer ibÓi$x dB;r; duÛx bzer wtir AedxI ibedxI im]edr smqRn \ shey;igt;à ibÓi$x image b; &;bmUitRà prestige b; smÎ;nà Legitimacy b; wb/t; Et*;id sMpU,R&;eb /B's heY igeYizl.
   a;j;d ihNd efoejr kIitRk;ihnI pÓk;x h\Y;à rY*;l Ei¹Y;n AY;r ef;esR \ Ei¹Y;n a;imRet ½mb/Rm;n e=;& \ aseNt;W Ab' sbexeW enoúibedÓ;h ibÓi$x ktORp=ek buiZeY edY eyà t-;edr aiNtm smY a;gtpÓ;Y. 1995 s;el idBtIY ibxB mh;yuä exW h\Y;r p÷;x bzr pUitR ¤ple= ent;jIr jIbenr \pr l¹en pÓS¼t Aki$ tq*ice] ibÓi$x srk;r AE kq; abexeW SbIk;r kerezn. xÓIbsu a;r\ beleznà a;j;d ihNdu efoejr s'gÓ;m \ enoúibedÓ;h Amn Ak a;eg«Yigirr ibeSf;re,r a;k;r /;r, ker y;et a;m;edr Sb;/Int;pÓ;iPt tBr;inBt hYà A ibWeY ek;en;E seNdh enE.
    'India Wins Freedom' gÓeNh empl;n; a;j;d ele%n eyà a;j;d ihNd efoejr s'gÓ;m \ enoúibedÓ;h ibÓi$xedr buiZeY ideYizl ey at"pr &;retr r;jwnitk sms*;r seNt;Wjnk sm;/;n z;‹; ek;n\ ¤p;Y enE. &;rtIY wsn*b;ihnIr \pr a;r in&Rr kr; y;eb n; Ab' b;Eer eqek ibÓi$x wsn*b;ihnI Aen At b‹ edex x;snxO×l; Ab' ai/k;r r=; kr;r icNt; ab;Stbà b;tult; m;]. E'erj eSbCz;Y nYà `$n;blI Ab' t_k;lIn piriShit \ pÓeY;jenr c;epE &;rtbWRek Sb;/Int; idet b;/* heYizl.

tq*sU] "

1. An Idea of India- sunIl i%l¿l;in.
2. Report of the RIN Mutiny Commossion of Enquiry 1946 (Chairman- Sir Sayed Fazl Ali, Chief Justice of Patna High Court; Judicial Members- Mr. Justice K.S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar, Chief Justice of the then Cochin State and Mr. Justice M.C. Mahajan, Judge of the Lahore High Court; Service Members- Vice Admiral W.R. Patterson, Flag Officer Commanding the Cruiser Squardon in the East Indies Fleet, and Major General T.W. Rees, Commander of the Fourth Indian Division).
3. Mutiny of the Innocents- xÓIib.is. d¼
4. A Matter of Honour by Philips Mason, I.C.S., td;nINtn &;rt srk;err r=; sicb \ Akjn &;rtepÓmI.
5. As I Saw It by Jack Gibson. Ein yueär smY Short Service Commission epeY &;rtIY enob;ihnIet izeln Ab' per Doon School, a;jmIer Mayo College \ pu,;Y National Defence Academy et Principal heYizeln.
6. The Transfer of Power by Nicholas Mansergh.
7. 1946ú47 s;elr keYki$ E'irij wdink pi]k; (idiör enh• im¤ijY;m l;EebÓiret s'ri=t)
8. s;=;tk;rúxÓImtI a•,; a;sf a;ilà xÓIem;r;rjI edx;Eà xÓIimnu m;s;inà xÓIib.is. d¼à xÓImdn is'à km;¹;r a;r.An. b;suedbà km;¹;r As.As. iglà a*;@imr;l A.ek. c*;$;ijRà km;¹;r ip.Am. &;igRjà irY;r a*;@imr;l As.ij.kmR;rkrà a*;@imr;l As.An. ek;hil.
9. p];el;cn;ú &;Es a*;@imr;l a;r.ek.As. g;N/Ià elfe$n*;N$ km;¹;r i$. exp;@Rà km;¹;r As. ejms¿à k*;eP$n ip.AEc. ilY;rmN$à elfe$n*;N$ km;¹;r E.Am.xà km;¹;r Am.As.a;E.Sb;mIà km;¹;r is. n;r;Y,n¿à km;¹;r ip.Am.&;igRj (A-r; ibed[;ehr smY &;rtIY enoúesn;Y izeln).
10. el%ekr a;¹;r $u Anisns¿à irs;cR epp;rà men;gÓ;f \ gt i]x bzerr el%; pÓk;ixt rcn;.

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