smud[mNhn ú 2
&;rtIY s;muidÓk ±ith* j;tIY jIben Ak ann*s;/;r, idk. bŸidn /er a;mr; ibXbek AE ibexW e=e] pq edi%eyiz Ab' y;r s;=* Eith;s bhn ker celez. esE j;tIY &;bn;r ¤âIpnúmN]ek i`erE a;m;edr pÓY;sú smudÓúmNhn.

   b;'l; xÝek;W anuy;YI ÚsmudÓÛ kq;i$r a;$i$ xÝ;Ntr a;ez " Ús;grà isN/uà b;iri/ à b;rIxà a,Rbà p;r;p;rà jli/ \ rtª;krÛ. be^;ps;grà a;rbs;grà &;rt mh;s;gr \ di=, em• s'lg« a*;N$;k¿Ri$k¿ mh;s;gr–pI a;m;edr jli/ a÷l eqek pOiqbIr sbR;i/k \ sebR;¼m ±XbyR s'gÓh ker a;m;edrE a,Rbep;et t; edex ibedex rPt;nI kr;r m;/*em s;r; duinY;r b;i,ij*k e=e] xIWRSh;n ai/k;r krb;r Sbp« a;mr; &;rtIYr; tOtIY shsÓ;eÝr º•etE ed%et º• keriz. es SbPndxRn abx* a;j\ ab*;ht Ab' &ibW*et t; –p;Ye,r ¤eâex* n;n;n pirkLpn; gÓh, ker celiz. ikNtu A kq; men r;%et heb eyà AE Sbp«i$ b;Stb;iYt krb;r jen* a;m;edr y; pÓ/;n sh;Yk heb t; hl &;retr s;midÓk Eith;si&i¼k wb+;ink anusN/;n \ AigeY cl;r pÓecê;.
   &;retr t$s'lg« pÓ;eNtr m;nuW smuedÓ xy*; epet s;muidÓk ±ith* ge‹ tulet º• ker pOiqbIr Eith;esr ¥W;k;el l=;i/k bzr a;eg pUeb;Riöi%t s;muidÓk Al;k;Y Ab' t; E¤er;p \ an*;n* mh;edexr aenk a;eg. t;r pÓ/;n dui$ k;r, izlú Aki$ " emosumI b;Yu \ an*i$ " AE mh;smuedÓr centre of gravity b; &;rekeNdÓ &;retr abSh;n. sdR;r ek .Am. p;inKr t-;r India and the Indian Ocean bEeY ile%eznà 'The Indian Ocean has some of the features of a landlocked sea. Unlike the Pacific or the Atlantic which are like giant highways between the North and the South, this ocean is walled off on three sides by land with the southern side of Asia forming a roof over it. The continent of Africa constitutes the western wall, while Burma, Malaya, and the insular continuations protect the eastern side. But the vital feature which differentiates the Indian Ocean from the Pacific or the Atlantic is not the two sides but ( the most significant and strategic position of) the subcontinent of India which just far into the sea for a thousand miles to its tapering end at Kanya Kumari."
     AxIY \ E¤er;pIY /mRgÓeNhà s;ihet*à pur;enà &;SkeyRà Sh;pet*à ic]kl;Yà pÓStr ilipetà e%;d;Ek;eyRà m;i$à pÓStrà bLklà pºcmR \ /;tur mudÓ;Yà &;W;Yà s;m;ijk rIitetà %;ed*à ebx&UW;Yà s^Ietà aS]xS] \ yuä ekoxel isN/u ¤pt*k; s&*t;r se^ E¤er;pà piXcm AixY;à a;ifÓk;à di=, a;emirk; Ab' sudUr pÓ;ec*r se^ s;muidÓk s'ey;egr pÓm;, aenk e=e]E p;\Y; egez
%ÓIêpUbR i]x dxk eqekE. sMpÓit srSbtI ¤pt*k; s&*t; a;ib:k;err pr AE sMpkR ey a;er; itn eqek p-;c shsÓ;Ý puer;en; t;r yeqê pÓm;,\ p;\Y; egez.
a;er; pÓm;, heYez eyà pÓStr yueg a;ifÓk; eqek keYk h;j;r inegÓ; Shlpeq eg;¹\Y;n;l*;¹ ait½m ker &;ret Aes ep-oezizl. eg;¹\Y;n;l*;¹ bŸ l= bzr a;egr Aki$ mh;edx y;r ibSt;r izl &;rt eqek di=, a;ifÓk;à di=, a;emirk;à di=, em• \ aeS$ÓilY; pyRNt. per AE inegÓ;r; bŸs'%*k g;ezr ‡-i‹ eqek wtrI enok;Y be^;ps;gr p;r heY a;Nd;m;n \ inek;br dBIppue¢ igeY ep-oz;Y; a;jekr a;Nd;m;enr j;•Y;à \i^à esiN$eniljà Et*;id ¤pj;itr m;nuW AedrE b'x/r.
    &;rt \ E¤er;epr smudÓpeq b;i,ij*k sMpekRr aenk dOê;Nt a;ez. b;Eebelr \L@ e$S$;emeN$ &;retr keYki$ j;Yg;r n;emr \ &;rtIY keYki$ p,*s;mgÓIr kq;r ¤eö% a;ez. sudUr pÓ;ec*à ¤¼r a;ifÓk;Yà piXcm AixY; Ab' di=, E¤er;ep p;\Y; em;her \ mO_p;e]r &g«;'ex en;°rà s;/nI (tool)à yN]p;ità Amnik rN/np;e]r zib eqek pÓm;, p;\Y; y;Y eyà A%;nk;r ¤pkUlbtIR edx‡ilet (eymn suemrà imxrà ½I$à p;rs*à di=, cInà x*;medxà j;&; \ sum;];Y) smudÓpeq p,*s;mgÓI egez bŸ shsÓ;Ý /er. cInà a;rbà p;rs* \ E¤er;epr aenk pirbÓ;jekr el%;et\ AE ¤eö% a;ez. sMpÓit ‡jr;etr el;q;l n;em Aki$ j;Yg;Y pÓ;Y zÛh;j;r bzr a;eg inimRt pOiqbIr sbeceY b‹ @Ó;E @k¿ (dry dock) a;ib:kOt heYez.
    smudÓpeq y;t;Y;etr i&i¼et E¤er;ep &;rtIY &;W;à s;iht*à /mRà dxRn Et*;id j;nb;r \ eb;Zb;r ecê; ey bŸ bzr /er heY a;sez es kq; a;mr; j;in. ib%*;t &;rtibd¿ g;E sr¿m*;n¿ (Guy Sorman) t-;r sd*pÓk;ixt Úid ijinY;s¿ af Ei¹Y;Û n;mk gÓeNh belezn " yid\ &;rtek eb;Zb;r ecê; bŸ shsÓ;Ý /er bŸb;r heYezà gt a;‹;E h;j;r bzer Indomania b; &;rtek j;nb;r a;k;×;r mh;tr^ ¤e#ez c;rb;r. pÓqm mh;tr^ \e# smÓ;$ aex;ekr smY y%n gÓIkà imxrIYà ihbÓ³ \ a;rb /mRt;i¼Bk \ d;xRinkedr se^ icNt; \ +;n ibinmeYr jen* smÓ;$ aex;k jlpeq piXcm AixY;à ¤¼r a;ifÓk; \ di=, E¤er;ep keYk xÛ x;S]+ eboä i&=uk p;i#eYizeln. ArE fel eboä/;imRk \ s;m;ijk icNt;/;r; %ÓIê;n /emR \ /mRgÓeNh aenk%;in pÓitfilt heYez.
    idBtIY mh;tr^ \e# aê;dx xt;ÝIet E¤er;pIYà ibexW ker fr;sI d;xRinkedr me/*à Aki$ ibexW smeYà y;ek d;xRink Eith;es The Period of Enlightenment n;em ai&iht kr; hY. AE smeY &;retr puer;en; \ smOä /mRt;i¼Bk \ d;xRink icNt;/;r; ibxd&;eb anu/;bn ker d;xRink &l¿e$Y;r (1694ú1778) belizelnà 'The whole earth needs India. India alone needs no one.' ex;epnh;\Y;r (Schopenhauer) \ nI$ex\ (Nietzsche) AE ibWeY icNt; \ gebW,; ker keYki$ s;rg&R puStk ile% egezn.
     ib'x xt;ÝIr tOtIY dxek a;es tOtIY mh;tr^ y%n er-;m; er-;l; (Romain Rolland), mh;tÎ; g;N/Ià r;mkO‚ prmh's \ Sb;mI ibebk;neNdr \pr t-;r aibSÎr,IY gÓNhki$ rcn; kern. g;E sr¿m*;n¿ beleznà 'The central theme of these works - the efficacy of non-violence, the respect for cultural diversity, the need to change oneself as a prelude to changing the world found favourable echoes in the feminist and ecological movements in the west; later there were similar echoes in the anti- Vietnam War protests and cultural activities around the globe.'
        Indomania r ctuqR mh;tr^i$ bEez A%n Ab' E¤er;p \ piXcemr an*;n* edex t; yeqê c;÷el*r sOiê kerez. sr¿m*;enr metà 'Despite its abysmal poverty, its communal and cast strife, Indian democracy, India's carefully calibrated economic reforms, India's IT exuberance and he resurgence of Indian popular and classical culture, including literature, music, yoga, ayurveda, vegetarianism, pranayama, dance, cinema, food, and fashion; are attracting the attention of the West as never before. The West detects in the Indian experience answers to some questions raised by the West's material success.'
pUebR \ piXcem itni$ mh;edexr se^ smudÓpeq &;retr bŸ h;j;r bzr /er kOiê \ bi,j* sMpekRr pÓm;, ± mh;edx‡el;etE zi‹eY a;ez. %ÓIêpUbR itn h;j;r bzr a;eg inimRt ¤r¿ (Ur) Ab' smÓ;$ enbuk;@¿enj;err (Nebuchadnezzar) pÓ;s;ed ey k;e#r t¼²; \ q;m p;\Y; egez t; eh;l &;rtIY $Ik \ edbd;• g;ezr ‡-i‹ eqek inimRt. ihbÓ³ &;W;Y b-;drek ek;f (s'SkOt kip) \ mYUrek $uiK (t;iml e$;g;E) bel. gÓIk \ l*;i$n &;W;Y &;rtIY xeÝr abd;n a;irj (rice- t;iml a;iribÓ)à Aemr;L@ (emerald- s'SkOt mrkt)à ebirl (beryl- s'SkOt wbduyR) ij¢;r (ginger- s'SkOt sO^e&r;)à epè;r (pepper- s'SkOt ipèil)à sug;r (sugar- s'SkOt xkRr;) \ k$n (cotton- s'SkOt k;pR;s). s'SkOet gÓIk &;W;r d;n hora (hr aqR;_ `N$;)à ekNdÓà ek;,à su‹^à kMpn (k*;Mp b; ixibr aeqR) \ klm. gÓIk xÝ a;lmug (s'SkOt bLgu aqR;_ cNdn)à Ab' es;f;r; (muÁEeYr k;ez sup;r; bNderr n;m eqek) ± edexr $;Y;r r;ej*r r;j; ihrm dB;r; a;md;nIkOt. ptRugIj &;W; eqek ihiNdà b;°l; \ an*;n* &;rtIY &;W;Y keYk h;j;r xÝ Aesez y;r me/* an*tm a;c;rà a;n;ns(a;n;rs)à b;iL$ (b;lit)à ibSku$à eb;t;mà inl;mà mmRrà emjà ikd;r; (ekd;r;)à pg;r (m;Een)à m;sk;b;rà igjR;à t;l;à c;ibà j;n;l; Et*;id.
   ¨egBed p;\Y; y;Y smudÓedbt; b•,edebr n;m y-;r a;xIbR;d z;‹; smudÓy;];Y y;\Y; inr;pd men kr; ht n;. a;j\ b•,edebr a;xIbR;d s;r; &;ret smudÓibh;erà smudÓyueä b; ntun j;h;j jel &;s;en;r smY pÓ;qRn; kr; hY. Sb;/Int;r pr Sb;/In &;retr enob;ihnIr jen* Aki$ ntun e½S$ (crest) b; b*;j pirkiLpt hY 1948 s;el y;r jen* t%nk;r &;rtIY g&Rnr ejn;erl xÓI is. r;j;eg;p;lc;ir ¨egBd eqek Aki$ pÓ;qRn; ebez ednà Úxm¿ en; b•,"Û aqR;_ eh smudÓ edbt; b•,à et;m;r a;xIbR;d eyn inrNtr p;E.Û
    ¨egBd eqek p;#kedr jen* a;r\ Aki$ s;muidÓk pÓ;qRn; ¤äOt kir "
               ÚidBeW; en; ibXbet;mu%;it n;ebb p;rY.
               s n" isN/uimb n;bY;it pWR; SbSteY..
      (eh prm;tÎ;à tuim ibeXbr sbRidek mu% `uireY r;e%;; x]³ek t;r jly;en smuedÓr apr p;er ep-oez idgeNtr se^ iblIn ker d;\; a;m;edr trIek ibx;l x;iNtr smudÓ p;r ker pu,* \ smOiär edex ep-oez d;\.)
aqbR ebed a;ez enok; \ j;h;j inmR;e,r kq; y;r e%;l izl pÓxStà m;Stul ¤µt \ mjbut Ab' g#n s;muidÓk Z‹ s;ml;en;r jen* p;k;. r;m;Ye, ¤eö% p;E s;muidÓk b;i,ej*r kq; el;iht s;gerr se^ \ a;er; Ak edexr se^ ey edex Úep;k; eqek erxmI suet; eber;YÛ (cIn). mh;&;ret p;¹bedr ibx;l enob;ihnIr dI`R b,Rn; reYez. bO= a;YuebRed a;ez j;h;j inmR;e,r ibxd ibbr,.
   sMpÓit Ee¹;enixY; ˜me, j;k;tR;à b;il Ab' a;er; keYki$ j;Yg;Y igeY a;im ai&&Ut heY pe‹izl;m ± Es¿l;imk edex &;rtIY s'SkOitr pÓ&;b ede%. ebx&UW;Yà s;ihet*à nOet*à s^Ietà &;W;Yà n;em \ s;m;ijk rIitnIitet \edex &;rtIY s'SkOitr pÓit/Bin p;\Y; y;Y sb j;Yg;Y sbR Ster. \-edr r;m;Y, nOt*n;i$k; b; &;rtIY n;emr b*bh;r a;m;edr a;XcyR ker edY. Ee¹;enixY b;h;s;Y (aqR;_ &;W;Y) S]Iel;k hl Úbi,t;Ûà emeYedr Skul Úkn*; ibd*;lYÛ a;r absrpÓ;Pt wsinkedr a;b;s ÚbOd ey;d gÓhÛ aqR;_ bOä ey;ä; gOh (Old Soldiers' Home).
      j;k;tR;r sbeceY be‹; p-;cm;q; r;St;r eg;lcKer ed%ebn \edr j;tIY mnuemN$ú pÓSter e%;d;E ibr;$ a;k;err s;ti$ e`;‹;Y $;n; req mh;&;retr ajRun \ xÓIkO‚. kO‚;jRuenr At be‹; \ suNdr SÎ;rk &;ret ek;q;\ enE. A edexr muslm;n emeYedr n;em p;ebn p;bRtIà inmRl;à aPsr;à rità edbIà Amin aenk ihNdu n;m. A%;nk;r r;êÓpit a;Ýur rhm;n \Y;ihedr S]Ir n;m sI¹; aqR;_ sIt;. ¤pr;êÓpitr n;m em`;btI suk,Rpu]I.
Ee¹;enixY;r wb+;inkedr pirkiLpt ¤e‹;j;h;j dui$r n;m aj;tx]³ \ `e$;_kc. r=; mN];leYr (n;m yä gOh) ibr;$ dPterr b;Eerr ed\Y;el dx fu$ ¤-cu a=er e%;d;E kr; a;ez &;rtIY dxRenr mmRkq;ú ctu/mRà Ak kmR. Ak$u AigeY ed%et p;ebn eSp;$Rs mN];lYà n;m ½I‹; &i¼³.
    Ee¹;enixY;r ¤-cu pyR;eYr mudÓ; b; en;e$ p;ebn ge,exr pÓitkOit. r;êÓpit &benr s;men ed%ebn Aki$ aitk;Y ge,exr mUi¼R. pÓ;Y sb a|;ilk;r pÓebx peqr dup;ex ed%; y;eb dui$ ibx;l pÓSterr dB;rp;l. im¤ijY;em igeY ed%un ihNdu \ eboä¯ r;j;à ‡• \ edbedbIr eml;ú buäà aex;kà ixbà p;bRtIà ib‚uà dugR;à ibe`«Xbrà bÓ†;edb Et*;id.
    The Times of India r sMp;dk xÓIidlIp p‹g-;\k;r sMpÓit j;k;tR;r r;êÓpit \Y;ihedr se^ s;=;_k;el &;rtIY s'SkOitr pÓ&;b sÁeN/ ikzu a;el;cn; kerizeln . r;êÓpit \Y;ihd t-;ek blelnà Úa;medr edex pÓit Sterà pÓit s'g#enà s;m;ijk rIitet &;rtIY s'SkOitr pÓ&;b ibStOt. mh;&;rtà gIt;à ¤pinWdà ebd \ ibexW&;eb r;m;Y, pÓ;Y sb;E pe‹n.Û ¤in a;er; blelnà Úr;m;Ye, a;m;r sbeceY ipÓY cir] hl kuÅk,R iyin t-;r edxek pÓ;,;i/k &;lb;setnà ikNtu t-;r ˜;t;r k;¹k;r%;n; ede% `uemr &;n ker pe‹ q;ketn. ikNtu edexr y%n e`;r ibpd ed%; idl t%n itin yuäe=e] igeY mh;pr;½m edi%eY mOtubr, kreln. AE et; prm bIrÞÛ edx sÁeN/ a;el;cn; k;el ¤in blelnà 'We share the idea of Kumbhakarna as the defender and the saviour of the just.' h;j;r h;j;r bzerr smudÓpeq &;rtIY s;'SkOitk \ d;xRink ai&y;enr Ai$ AE pÓ&;ebr prm rm,IY indxRn.
    a;m;edr s;muidÓk Eith;esr a;er; aenk kq;à aenk `$n; n;n;n j;Yg;Y a;ez y; h;ireY y;\Y; p-uiq \ teq* ed%et p;\Y; y;Y. t;r keYki$ hl"
    1. ]eY;dx xt;ÝIr pirbÓ;jk m;ekR; ep;el; t-;r @;eYrIet ile% egezn eyà t%n &;ret inimRt j;h;ej q;ket; c;ri$ m;Stulà ec;âi$ \Y;$;r$;E$¿ kMp;$R¿emN$¿à W;$i$ ekibn \ dxi$ l;Ef¿eb;$¿ \ e½n¿. ctudRx xt;ÝIet E$;ilY;n pirbÓ;jk fÓ;Y;r \e@;irk (Friar Odoric) &;ret ede% egezn 100 $enr j;h;j y; 700 y;]I bhn kret p;ret;. eW;‹x xt;ÝIet Et;lIY pirbÓ;jk isj;r i@ efÓ@¿iric (Cesare di Fredrici) ile%ezn eyà es smY &;ret %ub ep;¼² j;h;j wtrI ht Ab' esjen* tuekRr sult;n aenk m;lb;hI \ enob;ihnIr j;h;j !;k;Y wtrI kireY smudÓpeq tuekR ineY eyetn. em;gl a;mel mg \ ifiri^ jlds*uedr a;½m, eqek r;j* b-;c;b;r jen*à p,*b*bs;eYr jen* \ hjy;]Iedr mK;Y p;#;en;r jen* j;h;j wtrI ht !;k;Yà xÓIngerà l;eh;er \ sur;et. pÓqm itni$ j;Yg; eqek j;h;j ndIpeq smuedÓ ineY y;\Y; ht.
    2. %ÓIêpUbR tOtIY dxek smÓ;$ cNdÓ‡Pt emoeyRr a;mel Aki$ n;\ pirWd b; naval headquarters izl y;r k,R/;r izeln Akjn n;\ a/*= (Admiral).
     3. 1775 s;el m;] 16 bzr bYes im@¿ixpm*;n (per a*;@¿imr;l l@R) enl¿sn¿ l@R eni&r is hsR (Sea Horse). j;h;ej j;&; y;\Y;r peq mum¿b;E a;esn \ per esE j;h;ejE ek;lk;t; y;n. keYk m;s b;ed ek;lk;t; eqek @l¿ifn (Dolphin) j;h;ej itin ibelt ifer y;n.
     4. &;rtIY enoesn; b;ihnIet pÓqm &;rtIY kimxn@¿ aifs;r izeln xÓI i@.An.mu%;jIR iyin 1928 s;el enoesn;r Ei¢inY;ir' x;%;r s;b¿úelf¿e$n*;N$¿ (Sub-Lieutenant) heY &itR hn Ab' ciöexr dxek k*;eP$n ped absr enn. 1946 s;el reYl Ei¹Y;n eni&et n;ibkr; ibedÓ;h ker Sb;/Int;r ey d;m;m; b;ijeYizlà esE ibedÓ;ehr ent; \ puer;/; izeln Akjn b;°;lI n;ibk. ili@' isg¿n*;lm*;n (Leading Signalman) xÓI ib.is. d¼. Ein per ib+;penr jget aenk ¤µit kern Ab' btRm;en muÁEeYr k;ez Aki$ Úa;dxR pöIÛ Sh;pn ker sm;j esb;Y bÓtI a;ezn.
     5. keYk shsÓ;Ý a;eg pUbR &;retr ec;l;à p;i¹Y;à ecr; Et*;id b'exr r;j;r; kil^ \ etel‡r; Ab' piXcm ¤pkUelr ‡jr;tà ek;én \ ekr;l;r ai/b;sIr; s;'SkOitk \ keYki$ e=e] s;mirk ai&y;n c;ileYizeln pUebR m;leYixY;à x*;mà sum;];à j;&;à bmR;à q;El*;¹à k;MpuicY;à ifilipn¿s¿ Ab' a;er; keYki$ edexà piXcmà pUbR \ ¤¼r a;ifÓk;Yà piXcm AixY;r \ di=, E¤er;epr keYki$ j;Yg;Y.
     6. sPtm xt;ÝIr pÓqm dxek ‡jr;etr Akjn r;j; t-;r pu]ek 100i$ j;h;ej keYk h;j;r wsinkà ixLpIà ikW;nà icik_skà puer;ihtà k;irgrà el%k Et*;idr s;eq k;MpuicY;Y p;#;n. A-r; esedex Aki$ ntun s&*t; \ kOiê Sh;pn kern. a;r A-edrE abd;n eb;er;buduer miNdr y;r Sh;pt*wxlI \ k;•k;eyRr ¤_keWRr %*;it a;j\ ibXbej;‹;.
     7. 1857 s;elr isp;hI ibedÓ;ehr smY rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&r keYki$ j;h;j eqek ebx keYki$ ibx;l k;m;n keYki$ em;$r eb;e$ n;m;en; hYà t;rpr esE em;$r eb;$‡il g^; \ ymun; (ndI dui$ t%n aenk g&Ir izl) ndIpeq idöIr `;e$r k;ez a;n; hY. \E k;m;n‡ilr eg;l;Y idöI sherr ibr;$ ibr;$ eloh \ p[Str inimRt kp;$ Ab' ed\Y;l e&e^ ibedÓ;hIedr dmn kr; heYizl. AE %¹yueä bIrtB ed%;en;r jn* enob;ihnIr dui$ aifs;rú im@¿ixp¿m*;n¿ emeY; (Midshipman Mayo) \ a*;iš' m;S$;r icekn¿ (Acting Master Chiken) ek i&eš;irY; ½x (Victoria Cross) pdek &UiWt kr; heYizl.
     8. g^;jl dUW, ineY aenk wb+;ink anusN/;n \ a;el;cn; clez bŸ bzr /er. ikNtu g^;jelr dui$ pÓkOitr kq; %ubE km el;k j;enn. pÓqmt" 200 bzr a;eg y%n sueYj pÓ,;lI izl n; t%n j;h;ej Ai¢enr b*bh;r pÓcilt hY inà t;E j;h;j p;elE clet;. esEsmY E¤er;p eqek a;sb;r smY j;h;ej en\Y; %;b;r jl s;t a;$ idenE %;r;p heY eyet;. esE jen* pÓit bNder ep-oez $*;é %;il ker a;b;r jl &ret het;. ikNtu ek;lk;t; eqek efr;r peq ey jl en\Y; ht t; il&;rpul ep-oz;en; pyRNt Aekb;er i#k q;ket;à t;r k;r, t; izl g^;jl.
     AE pÓse^ a;r\ Aki$ `$n;r ¤eö% kr; eyet p;er. jYpuerr isi$ p*;eles s;\Y;E m;n is' im¤ijY;em dui$ erop*inimRt jl;/;r a;ez y;r pÓiti$r \jn 365 ekij Ab' t;et jl /er 900 il$;r iheseb. jYpuerr mh;r;j; s;\Y;E m;n is' 1902 s;el ±rkm itni$ p;e] p;n kr; \ h;tmu% e/;Y;r jn* g^;jl &er E¤er;p sfer r\n; hn. hirdB;r eqek g^;jl &er p;]‡el;ek muÁE eqek j;h;jey;eg E'l*;¹ ineY y;\Y; hY. a;rb s;gr p;r h\Y;r smY Ar Aki$ smudÓedbt; b•,edebr ¤eâex* ¤_sgR ker smeudÓ @uibeY ed\Y; hel\ b;ik dui$r jl e$Ón \ j;h;ej y;t;Y;etr smY Ab' E'l*;e¹ mh;r;ejr ed‹ m;s q;k;k;el b*bh;r kr; heYizl.
    s;\Y;E m;n is' %ub r=,xIl \ /;imRk pÓkOitr m;nuW izeln. t;E E¤er;pIYedr se^ Amnik smÓ;$ p÷m jejRr se^ krmdRn ker\ g^;jel h;t /ueY xrIr eqek em­Cz s'SpxR dUr kretn. em;$ pÓ;Y c;rm;s /er ± jl b*bh;r h\Y; se¼B\ t; ibNdum;] %;r;p hYinú y; g^;jelr m;h;tÎ*ek pun"pÓitiët ker.
    igens¿ buk af \Y;L@R erk@Rs¿ anuy;YI ± p;]‡il pOiqbIr sbRbOh_ erop*inimRt jl;/;r y; wtrI kerizeln dujn erop*k;r eg;ibNd n;r;Y, \ mh;edb Ab' wtrI kret smY elegizl pÓ;Y itn bzr. A s'b;d pirebxn kerezn s\Y;E m;n is' im¤ijY;emr @;Eeršr xÓI yduebNdÓ is'.
    idBtIYt" smuedÓ q;k;k;lIn ey ek;en; j;h;ejr e%;elr nIec jl eqek ¤ãut Ak /re,r sU=Î pÓ;,Iú p­*;é$n (plankton) j;h;ejr g;eY eleg eyet q;ek. keYk m;esE AE p­*;é$nú Ar pÓelpi$ a;$ nY Ei÷ pu• \ %ubE a;#;el; heY y;Yà fel j;h;ejr git aenk$; hÓ;s epet q;ek. AEjen* pÓit zm;s aNtr j;h;jek @Ó;E @ek !uikeY t;r jl b;r ker tl;$; pir:k;r kret hY y; ebx smYà xÓm \ %rc s;ep=. ikNtu 
%ubE a;XceyRr ibWY eyà ek;en; klk;t;g;mI j;h;j s;grdBIp heY ŸglI ndI ideY i%idrpuer ep-oz;et 
ep-oz;etE esE p­*;é$n pÓelp t; es ytE pu• eh;k n; eknà Aekb;er gel y;Y Ab' j;h;ejr tl; a;pn;a;pin pir:k;r heY y;Y. Ai$ g^;jelr a;erk m;h;tÎ*Þ
    p;let;l; j;h;ejr yueg ibd*uetr a&;eb AY;rki¹xn@¿ ekibn et; izl n;. t;E il&;rpul eqek j;h;j di=,pUebR muÁ;E b; klk;t;Y y%n a;set; t%n j;h;ejr b-;idek b; ep;$R s;Ee@r (Port side) aep=;kOt #;¹; ekibn buk krb;r smY irj;e&Rxn femR ek;n¿idek ekibn c;E j;n;et il%et het;ú portside during the outward journey and starboard side during homeward journey. AE el%;i$ per ez;$ ker el%; ht port outwards starboard home-wards a;er; per a;er; s'e=ep el%; ht p.o.s.h Ab' AE eqekE E'irij posh kq;i$ gi#t b; ¤ãut heYez.
    pÓqm idek rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&r ebixr &;g n;ibkE izl eg;r;. p;let;l; j;h;ej t;edr wdink br;â izl keYk mg jl º/u %;b;r \ mu% e/;b;r jen*à j;h;ej S©;n krb;r ek;n pÓx«E izl n;. i]x ciöx idn smuedÓ k;i$eY j;h;j y%n bNder pÓebx kret; t%n pÓqemE @;k p‹et; n;iptedrú e=orkmR \ m;q;Y ceMp; aqR;_ m;ilx \ e/;l;EeYr jen* eg;r; n;ibkedr ¤Cc;r, ibkOitet AE ÚceMp;EÛ x*;Mpuet (shampoo) pir,t heYez.
mh;r;eêÓr beÁ @;k (Bombay Duck) º-$ik m;z at*Nt ¤p;edY \ s;r; pOiqbIet c;l;n y;Y. AE m;zi$r m;r;#I &;W;Y n;m b¿mi@l;à E'erjedr ¤Cc;re, ibkOitet a;j bm¿i@l; Bombay Duckú A pir,t heYez .
    ecê; n; kerE h#;_ ikzu a;ib:k;r krb;r =mt;ek E'erjIet bel serendipity. sudUr pÓ;ec* mxl;r sN/;en y;b;r peq E¤er;pIYr; is'hl dBIp h#;_E a;ib:k;r kerizl. is'hl dBIp n;m ¤Cc;r, kret n; eper t;r; AE dBIpi$ek n;m edY Serendip Ab' Ar eqekE serendipity xÝi$ ¤ãut heYez. 1754 s;el el%k Horace Walpole Aki$ ib%*;t ¤pn*;s ele%nà n;m The Three Princes of Serendip.
E'erj a;mel s;ehbr; Úek;E h*;YÛ(qui hi) bel @;kelE c;krà d;sIà a;Y;úr;à edoe‹ a;st bel ktR;r; Úek;E h*;YÛ Ar m;en /er ineYizeln &Ot*. AE&;ebE \r; beNd;bSt bundobast, ek;mrbN/¯ek cummerband, Et*;id blet º• ker.
E'erij &;W;Y &;rtIY &;W; aNt&Rui¼²r Aki$ suNdr dOê;Nt p;E AE dui$ &;W;r bŸl imxÓe,r séln Hobson Jobson ai&/;en (AE n;mi$ EY; h;s;n EY; Ÿesenr E'irijkOt –p) " Returning to her bungalow (ihiNd ú b;'l;)à she threw her calico (m;lY;lm úk;ilk$ aqR;_ ek;r; em;$; sutIr k;p‹. &;eSk; @; g;m; 1492 s;el k;ilke$ en;°r efelizeln) coat on the teak (m;l;Y;lmú e$K;) table and put on her gingham (m;l;Y;lmú ij^*;m aqR;_ tuel;Y eb;n; imih k;p‹) apron. There was the tea caddy (m;l;Y;lm ú k;i| aqR;_ c;eYr b;„) to fill, the chutney (ihiNd ú c;$in) to prepare for the curry (t;iml ú k;i‹), pepper (s'SkOt ú ipèil), mulligatawny (t;imlúmulgútiµúaqR;_ eg;lmirecr jl) soup and cheroots (t;imlúº•|u) to order from the bazar (ihiNdúb;j;r). She would give the ayah (A*;'el;Ei¹Y;núiZ) a chit (b;'l;úici#). The children were out in the dinghy (ihiNdúi@i^) and the khaki (¤dRu ú%;k aqR;_ /uel;) dungarees (ihiNd @;'ir aqR;_ i!el p*;N$) were sure to be wet. She needed to apply gingili (ihiNd ú iji]il b; itl) oil to her hair after a shampoo (ihiNd ú ceMp;), she still had to send her husband's pyjamas (ihiNd ú p;j;m;) to the dhobi (ihiNd ú e/;ib), and she never had finished those chintz (ihiNd ú ic$ b; iz$) hangings for the verandah (ihiNdúb;r;Nd;). But first puttuing on a shawl (¤dRuúxl) around her shoulders, she poured her husband a punch (ihiNdúp-;c aqR;_ p-;ci$ dÓeb*r imxÓ, ú sur;à du/à elbur rsà icin \ mxl;). 1612 s;elr 5E eseP$Ár pÓqm ey ibÓi$x j;h;ji$ &;ret ep-oz;Y \ sur;$ bNder pÓebx ker esE j;h;ejr k,R/;r k*;eP$n ¤EilY;m hikNs a;gÓ;Y em;gl smÓ;e$r drb;er pÓqm b;r AE p-;ecr Sb;d epeY em;iht heY Ar n;m ere%izeln punch.
        'History' xÝi$r ¤[_pi¼ heYez bŸ h;j;r bzr a;eg gÓIk xÝ 'histor' eqek y;r aqR izl 'knowledge and judgement' aqR;_ +;n \ ibc;r. per l*;i$n xÝ 'historia' Aet a;er; Aki$ aqR ey;g ker 'narration' b; b,R,. ikNtu Atidn /er ey Eith;s Skuel b; kelej p;#* iheseb b*bh;r kr; heY a;sez gt duex; bzr /er t;et s;/;r, m;nueWr kq; sMpU,R&;eb pirt*;g ker º/u r;j; b;dx;ehr jnÎà ibb;hà mOt*uà pirb;rà yäibgÓhà jYà pr;jY Et*;id z;‹; a;r ikzuE etmn p;\Y; y;Y n;. t;E a;j s;r; pOiqbImY a;/uink Eith;sek e!el s;ijeY m;nueWr s;m;ijk jIben ix=;à sm;jb*bSh;à &;W;à kOiêà Sb;Sh*à ixLp Et*;idr ½mibbtRn ineY ccR; º• heYez. a;m;edr s;muidÓk Eith;es\ AE rkm pirbtRenr pÓeY;jn. men r;%et heb Ai$ historiography aqR;_ wb+;ink i&i¼et Eith;s el%b;r yugà hagiography b; b*i¼²i&i¼k ¤p;%*;n el%b;r nY. m;nb s&*t;Y &;retr abd;n kt%;in t; ineY inribiCzµ anusN/;n pÓeY;jn Ab' n;girkedr s;men es st* ¤d¿`;i$t h\Y;r me/*E Eith;esr s;qRkt;.

tq*sU] "

1. A S$;i@ af ihiS$Ó úa;rnL@¿ $eYn¿ib
2. id ihiS$Ó af isi&l;Eejxn ú ¤El \ AireYl @ur*;N$
3. Ei¹Y; a*;¹ id Ei¹Y;n \xn ú sdR;r ek.Am. p;inKr
4. id Ei¹Y;n \xn ú A*;l;n i&ilY;sR¿
5. A ihiS$Ó af Ei¹Y;n ixip' ú r;/;kumud mue%;p;/*;Y
6. A ihiS$Ó af id Ei¹Y;n eni& ú km;¹;r jjR \Y;k;r
7. $;Ems¿ af Ei¹Y;Y pÓk;ixt sMp;dk idlIp p‹g-;\krúAr keyki$ s;MpÓitk rcn;
8. el%ekr a;¹;r $u An¿isns¿à irs;cR epp;rà men;gÓ;f \ gt i]x bzerr el%; pÓk;ixt rcn;

|terms of use | privacy statement |for advertiser| ©viswayan.com2005-05,All Rights Reserved