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xÓIr;mkO‚
Akb;r belizeln eyà pÓiti$ j;h;ejr s;ere°r k;ez Aki$ ¤¼rmu%I cuÁk
q;ek y;r n;m kMp;s¿ Ab' t;rE s;h;ey* esE j;h;ji$ek gNtb*Shel inibRe`«
epo-ez ed\Y; y;Y. etmin a;m;edr pÓet*ekr hÌdeY Aki$ &gb;nmu%I
kMp;s¿ a;ez y; a;m;edr jIbntrIek &bs;gr p;r h\Y;r pq edi%eY edY.
a;m;edr &;rtIYedr jIben &;rt mh;s;gr \ t;r s;eq
a;rb s;gr \ beˆg;ps;gr AE &bs;gerr met;E Aki$ at*Nt pÓeY;jnIY
pÓ;kOitk ±XbyR y;r m;h;tÎ* a;mr; ebixr &;g &;rtIYE i#k
buiZ n;.
AE xt;ÝIr pÓqemE j;n;
igeYizl eyà a;m;edr isN/u ¤pt*k; p-;c h;j;r bzr puer;en;. ikNtu
bzr c;erk a;eg a;ib:k;r heYez eyà a;m;edr srSbtI ¤pt*k; s&*t;
dx h;j;r bzr a;eg sOê \ pOiqbIr sbR;ep=; pur;tn s&*t;.
EeY;er;pIY s&*t;à gÓIk s&*t;à imxrIY s&*t;à m/* AixY
s&*t;à di=, a;emirk;r m;Y; s&*t; \ m/* a;if[k;r s&*t;
t;r aenk h;j;r bzr per ¤ãut. a;er; a;ib:k;r heYez eyà srSbtI n;em
Aki$ ndI sit*E izlà y; ¤¼rpÓedexr ixb;ilk p;h;‹ eqek p;¢;bà
idiöà hirY;n;à r;jSh;nà ‡jr;t \ p;ikSt;n heY a;rb s;ger igeY
p‹et; Ab' j;Yg;Y j;Yg;Y Ar ibStOit dx ikel;im$;r pyRNt izl. AE
ndIr duÛ/;er izl 1à400i$ jnpd y;r me/* pÓ;Y Ak h;j;r jnpd izl
a;m;edr &;ret \ c;rex; jnpd btRm;n p;ikSt;en. per Ak ibr;$ &UimkeMp
sb /B's heY y;Y. p;#k ejen a;XcyR hebn eyà AE s&*t;r ibStOit
izl pUebR ¤¼rpÓedx eqek piXcem Er;k pyRNt Ab' ¤¼er tukReminSt;n
eqek di=e, eg;d;brI ¤pt*k; pyRNt. a;er; j;n; egez eyà &;rtIY
s&*t;r A%;enE sOiê \ a;yRr; AE a÷elE b;s kretn dx h;j;r bzr
a;eg. s&*t;r ¥W;Y s;muidÓk kOiê \ s;muidÓk prMpr;r A%;enE jnÎà
y;r jn* pÓ/;nt d;YI emosumI pÓb;h.
atl;iNtk \ pÓx;Nt mh;s;gerr
eceY a;m;edr &;rt mh;s;gr aenk &;ebE a;l;d;. ± dui$ mh;s;gr
pÓ;Y sIm;hInà ikNtu &;rt mh;s;gerr ctuidRk i`er reYez aenk
edexr \ mh;edexr t$er%;ú di=e, tuW;r;bOt di=, em•à pixcem
suibx;l pUbR a;if{k;à pUebR bmR;à m;leYixY;à EeNd;enixY; \
aeS$ÓilY; Ab' ¤¼er di=, AixY;à y;r Akz] ai/pit &;rtIY
epinnsul; (peninsula)ú
wd`R* \ pÓSq itn h;j;r ikel;im$;err ebix \ y;r t$er%; 7à600
ikel;im$;err \pr. t;r se^ a;ez a;Nd;m;n inek;br \ l;=; dIppue¢r
t$er%;.
keYk h;j;r bzr /er emosumI \ an* keYki$ ¨tuibixê b;Yur sh;Yt;Y
a;m;edr kOiê \ b;i,j* AixY; Ab' EeY;er;epr aenk edex zi‹eYez y;r
ich² a;j\ dOx*m;n. AkE se^ Úxk Ÿn dlà p;#;n em;glÛà \ t;edr
pUebR pirbÓ;jk \ ds*ur; pOiqbIr n;n; edx eqek keYk h;j;r bzr /er
&;ret Aes ÚAk edeh hl lInÛ y;r Aki$ indxRn heCz a;Nd;m;enr
j;•Y;à \iˆgà esiN$enilj¿ \ an*;n* a;idb;sIr; y;r; pÓStr yueg
a;if{k; eqek Aesizl. Ar; eg;N@\Y;n;l*;¹à pUebR AixY; \ di=, AixY;
heY &;rtbeWR a;es Ab' per ez;$ ez;$ k;e#r wtir enok;Y
beˆg;ps;gr p;r hey AE áIp‡ilr ai/b;sI hY.
es yuegr &;rtIY ep;‹;m;i$r $;k; \
em;hrà m;i$r p;e]r &;°; $uker;et e%;d;Eà edY;el ic]ilipà
a;idm k;elr yN]p;it \ rN/nx;l;r b;sn p;\Y; egez ¤¼r \ m/* a;if{k;Yà
di=, EeY;er;ep Ab' piXcm AixY;Y y; pÓm;, ker eyà es yueg &;rtbWR
eqek b;i,j* j;h;ejr s'SpxR epeYizl suemr
(b*;ibln)à
imxrà ½I$à p;rs*à gÓIsà \ a;er; bŸedx. a;eg a;m;edr s;muidÓk
sMpkR izl j;p;n pyRNt pÓ;Y sb edexE. &;rtIY &;W;r pÓ;cIn
&UjRpe] p;\Y; el%; wcinkà a;rbIà p;risk \ EeY;er;pIY y;]Iedr
@;eYrI Ab' esE yuegr p[Strilipà n;n;n /B's;bexeWr k;•k;yR \ $;k;r
z;p eqek Akm;] pÓm;i,t hY eyà AE b;i,j* ebx keYk h;j;r bzr /er
celizl.
b*;iblenr r;j; enbuk;@¿enj;err pÓ;s;ed \ an*;n* j;Yg;Y p;\Y; egez
ed\Y;l wtirr jn* b*bhÌt keYki$ &;rtIY g;ezr ‡-i‹. ¨eGbed
a;ez eyà AE s;muidÓk pq‡il a;ib:k;r kr;r jn* izl b•,edebr
a;xIbR;d. aqbRebed ed%; y;Yà es yuegr ibx;l &;rtIY j;h;ejr b,Rn;.
r;m;Ye, reYez esE edexr kq; ey%;en º-eY;ep;k; eqek suet; b;r ker
wtir ht erxm aqR;_ cIn edx
; el;iht s;gr ideY esE suet;Y eb;n; k;p‹
p;#;en; het; piXcem. mh;&;ret a;ez p;¹b \ ekorbedr enoesn;nIr
j;h;ejr Ab' t;et b*bhÌt aS]xeS]r ibbr,. bO=úa;yuebRed a;mr; p;E
ed‹ h;j;r bzr a;eg j;h;j wtiret b*bhÌt k;e#r j;t \ t;edr ‡,
ibc;r. gÓIk ±ith;isk a*;ireYn (Arrian)úAr
el%; eqek j;n; y;Y eyà a;elkj;¹;err enoúesn;b;ihnIr a/*= a*;@imr;l
inYr¿c;s¿ (Nearchus)
a;$ex;i$ &;rtIY j;h;ej &;rtIY n;ibkedr s;h;ey* t-;r Ak l=
wsn* ineY isN/u nd ideY smuedÓ epo-ez a;rb s;gr p;r heY edex ifer
y;n.
gt
dx h;j;r bzer a;m;edr kOiêr pÓ&;b pUebR \ piXcem h;j;r h;j;r
m;El dUr edex zi‹eY pe‹. es%;nk;r &;W;Yà wdniNdn jIbny;];Yà
/mRp;len \ ix=;YúdI=;Y ik g&Ir z;p ere% egez t;r aenk$;E hYet;
a;m;edr j;n; enE. eymnà pOiqbIr sbeceY puer;en; cuMbk kMp;s
&;ret ¤ãut srSbtI ¤pt*k; s&*t;r smY. esi$ izl Aki$ e%;l;
b;e„ m_s* a;k;err Aki$ lMb; cuMbk k;e#r
$uker;Y l;igeY etelr \pr &;s;en;. esE &;sm;n m;ezr m;q; ¤¼rem•r
idek Ab' l*;j di=, em•r idek q;ket;. m_s* ib‚ur pÓqm abt;rà
t;E kMp;si$r n;m\ izl m_s*yN].
itn h;j;r bzr a;eg p;res*r ez;$ Aki$ r;ej*r
r;j; j;ress (Xerxes)
Aki$ yueä s;h;ey*r jn* di=, &;rtIY Ak r;j;r seˆg keYk h;j;r
wsn* eceY p;#;n. esE wsn* y%n keYki$ j;h;ej p;res* igeY epo-z;Yà
t%n Sq;nIY wsn*r; &;rtIY wsn*edr tuel;r suet;Y eb;n; k;pe‹r ¤idR
ede% a;XcyR heY igeYizl;
k;r, tuel; t%en; pixcm AixY;Y b; EeY;er;ep igeY epo-z;Yin. esE yueg
es%;nk;r el;ekr; pir/;enr jn* º/u kk¿Rà c;m‹;à g;ezr z;l \ ¤elir
b*bh;r j;net;. tuel; ik ijins ij+;s; kr;Y &;rtIY wsinkedr jb;b
eqek t;r; j;net p;rl eyà tuel; g;ez hY. esE smYk;r p;res*r ±ith;iskr;
il%elnà &;rtIY ¤idR ey ijins ideY wtir t; ey e&‹;r g;
eqek en\Y; hYà esE e&‹; g;ez hYÞ per AE p;rs* heYE tuel;
EeY;er;ep igeY epo-ezizl.
Aki$ &;rtIY b;i,j*ep;t
800 %ÓIê;eÝ smudÓy;];peq Ze‹r mue% pe‹ Ab' e&es e&es
j;p;enr t$er%;Y a;$ek y;Y. AE j;h;ej k;p;s g;ezr keYk xÛ c;r; ek;q;\
ineY y;\Y; hiCzl. esE `$n;r me/* ideYE j;p;nIr; pÓqm k;p;s g;ezr
se^ pirict hl. t;rpr pUebR \ piXcem a;mr;E tuel; p;#;en; º• krl;m.
dUredex ebx keYki$ j;Yg;r n;m &;rtIY xÝ eqek en\Y;
b; ed\Y;. eymn piXcm AixY;r sek;]; (Socotra)
áIepr n;emr &;rtIY ¤_s izl Úsu%;/;rÛà xÓIlé;r n;m ed\Y;
heYizl ÚSb,R alé;rÛà inek;berr n;m izl Ún;káIpÛ aqR;_ ¤lˆgedr
áIp. pÓ;kOt &;W;Y Ún;kÛ m;en ¤lˆg.
q;El*;¹ b; x*;medex &;rtIYedr n;m k®I°
(Kling);
k;r, Akk;el kilˆg r;j;r; es%;en r;jtB kerezn. AE k;re, q;E \ \i‹Y;
&;W;r ilipet aãut s;dOx* a;ez. imY;nm;r aqR;_ bmR;r keYki$ a'ex
&;rtIYedr bel etl;°¿. k;r, es%;en aN/[pÓedexr etel‡ r;j;r;
keYkxÛ bzr r;jtB kerizeln.
j;p;enr keYki$ puer;en; buämiNderr
edy;el ey bä¯mN] e%;d;E kr; a;ez t;r ilip W:# xt;ÝIr b;°l;. esE
smY ikzu b;°;il i&=u j;p;en igeY AE ilip e%;d;EeYr k;j kerizeln.
&;eSk;ú@;úg;m;r duex; bzr a;eg eqek eSpnà
ptRug;l \ an*;n* EeY;er;pIY edxb;sIr; smudÓpeq &;ret a;s;r ecê;
krizl. ikNtu t;r; º/u coastal
navigation j;netn. t;E EeY;er;p eqek
a;if{k;r piXcm ¤pkUl heY di=e, igeY ¤¼m;x; aNtrIep epo-ez a;ifÓk;r
pUbR ¤pkUl ideY piXcm AixY;r /;r e`-eW &;ret epo-zb;r ecê; bŸb;r
kerizl. ikNtu pUbR a;if{k;r em;j;iÁk epo-zb;r pr a;r t;r; Aeg;et
p;ret; n;. a;rb j;h;j‡il es%;n eqek t;edr a;r agÓsr het idt n;.
t;edr a;½m, ker hY t;i‹eY idt nYet; j;h;j @uibeY idt. Astral
b;
stellar navigation aqR;_ a;k;exr t;r;r
s;h;ey* idk in,RY ker j;h;j c;ileY mh;smudÓ p;r h\Y; (AE
e=e] &;rt mh;s;gr p;r h\Y;)
t;r; j;net; n;. &;eSk;ú@;úg;m; t-;r j;h;j em;j;iÁk eqek
k;ilke$ a;net eperizeln Aki$ &;rtIY ‡jr;it muslm;n eni&eg$r
b; s;muidÓk idkdxRekr s;h;eY*à t;r n;m izl @;&;en.
ibÓi$x
a;melr rY*;l Ei¹Y;n eni&r p¼n hY 1612 s;el sur;t Ei¹Y;n emirn
n;em. Ei¹Y;n emirn j;h;ejr pt;k;Y (naval
ensignúA)
izl eter;i$ sm;Ntr;l er%; (s;ti$
l;l \ zi$ s;d;)
Ab' \perr aNtiSqt ctuqR;'ex izl esN$ jejRs¿ ½s¿ (St.
George's Cross). a;emirk;r
Sb;/Int; yueär smY ebx keYki$ Ei¹Y;n
emirenr j;h;j ibÓi$x ktROp= t-;edr heY l‹b;r jn* a;emirk;Y ineY
y;Y. t;r me/* Aki$ek a;emirk;nr; kÑ; ker efel. esE smY 13i$ t;r;
l;igeY a;emirk;r pÓqm j;tIY pt;k; ÚS$;rs¿ A*;¹ S$Ó;Eps¿Û wtir
hY. j;h;ji$r n;m izl AEc Am a;E As (HMIS)
ime¹n (Minden).
AE j;h;ejrE b*;¹ k¹;š;r
f{;iNss kI rcn; kern a;emirk;r j;tIY s^It Úid S$;rúSp*;ˆgl¿@¿
b*;n;rÛ (The
Star-Spangled Banner). per r;ej*r
s'%*; /Ier /Ier ebe‹ pt;k;Y t;r;r s'%*; p÷;exr \pr ¤e#ez
à ikNtu sm;Ntr;l er%;r s'%*; A%en; 13E
a;ez.
%ÓIêpUbR
Ak h;j;r bzr eqek di=, &;rt \ gÓIesr me/* ey s;midÓk b;i,j*
cel a;sez t;r Aki$ pÓm;, gÓIk &;W;Y aenk t;iml xeÝr b*bh;r.
eymn &;tà a;d;à d;licin \ ibedxIek t;iml &;W;Y bel airisà
Ei¢&;rà kr& \ ybn. gÓIk &;W;Y bel yq;½em airj;à iji¢&;rà
krp \ EY;¼n. AE rkm xÝ a;er; aenk a;ez.
sPtm xt;ÝIet ‡jr;etr Akjn r;j; t-;r
pu]ek keYk h;j;r sˆgIr s;eqà y;r me/* izl bŸ wsn*à ikW;, k;irgrà
icik_skà puer;ihtà ix=kà sˆgItixLpIà ntRkà p$uY;à el%k
Et*;id) AkxÛi$ j;h;ej sudUr pÓ;ec* p;i#eYizeln y;edr Sq;pt*ixeLpr
indxRn eb;er;buduer a;j\ eb-ec a;ez.
ihè*;l;s¿
(Hippalus)
n;em Akjn gÓIk n;ibk di=, EeY;er;p eqek &;rtbeWRr pUbRkUel
a;sb;r jn* sh;Yk emosumI b;Yu a;ib:k;r kern 46 %ÓIê;eÝ \ t;et
&;rt mh;s;gr ait½m kr; a;r\ shj heY y;Y.
1817
%ÓIê;eÝ beÁ @k¿EY;e@R pOiqbI ib%*;t j;h;j inmR;t; \Y;i@Y;
m;S$;r ibL@;s¿edr t¼B;b/;en m;l;b;r $Ik ideY wtir ibÓi$x enoúesn;b;ihnIr
jn* wtir j;h;j AEc Am As i$Óeé;m;lI a;j pOiqbIr sbeceY puer;en;
&;sm;n j;h;j y; a;j\ b*bh;r kr; heCz 185 bzr /er. il&;rpul
bNder AE j;h;i$ pÓ;Y 80 bzr yuä j;h;j iheseb b*bhÌt hY;
t;rpr eqek a;j pyRNt esi$ Skul kelejr z;]edr ism*;nixp \ n*;i&egxn
ex%;b;r k;ej b*bh;r kr; heCz. Ai$ pOiqbIr
sbeceY ebix bzr /er b*bhÌt j;h;jà y; a;j\ t;r k;j ker y;eCzà esi$
&;ret wtir heYizl j;nel gbReb;/ heb sb &;rtIeYrE.
Ab;er Ak$u epzen y;\y; y;k. xÓI r;/;kumud
mue%;p;/*;Y t-;r ÚA ihiS$[ af Ei¹Y;n ixip'Û bEet ile%ezn eyà
/;r; r;ej*r r;j; e&;jà y-;ek a;m;edr pÓ;cIn Eith;es a;mr;
e&;j nrpit n;em j;inà ekoi$el*r aqRx;eS]r met;E Aki$ bE
ile%izeln y;r n;m Úyui¼² kLpt•Û. Aet r;j* x;senr jn* ibSt;irt
ibbre, /nrt«à aS]xS]à e`;‹;à h;ità alé;rà pt;k;à r;jz]à
a;sb;bà a;Enà r;js&;à mN]IpirWdà j;h;j Et*;id n;n; ibWeY
aenk kq; a;ez. ArE Aki$ a'ex bO=úa;YuebRed j;h;j wtirr jn* b*bhÌt
k;e#r j;itib&;g a;ezú
l`u Yt¿ ek;mlm¿ k;ëm¿ bÓ†j;it tt¿.
dOŒ;ˆg l`u Yt¿ k;ëm`$m¿ =]j;it tt¿..
ek;mlm¿ ‡• Yt¿ k;ëm¿ wbx*j;it tduc*et.
dOŒ;ˆg ‡• Yt¿ k;ëm¿ xUdÓj;it tduc*et..
l=,áY eY;egn iáj;it" k;ë s'gÓh"..
aqR;_à ey k;# h;Lk; \ nrm t; hl bÓ;†,j;ità ey k;# h;Lk; \ x¼²
t; eh;l =i]Y j;ità ey k;# &;rI \ nrm t; eh;l wbx*j;it Ab' ey
k;# &;rI \ x¼² t; eh;l xUdÓj;it. ey k;e# ¤per;¼² Aki$r
ebix ‡, a;ez t; hl iáj;it.
essmY duÛrkm j;h;j wtir htú s;m;n* j;it y; ndIet b;
h{ed b*bh;r ht Ab' ibexW j;it y; smuedÓ b*bh;r ht. s;m;n* j;itr
j;h;j‡il izl =udÓ;à m/*m;à ℑà cpl;à p$l;à &Y;à
dI`R;à p]pu$;à g&Rr; \ mNqr;. Aedr me/* sbeceY ez;$ izl =udÓ;
(wd`R*
16 h;t)
\ sbecey b‹ izl mNqr; (120
h;tÙ. ibexW j;itr j;h;j‡il izl dIi`Rk;à trsIà el;l;à gtBrà
g;imnIà trIà j°`;l;à Pl;ib,Ià /;ir,I \ ebignI. Aedr me/* sbeceY
ez;$ izl dIi`Rk; (32
h;t)
Ab' sbeceY b‹ izl ebignI (176
h;t).
m;Stul %ub ¤-cu hel es j;h;jek bl; ht ¤µt.
ey j;h;ejr ekibn s;men q;kt es j;h;jek bl; ht agÓmiNdr;à j;h;ejr
m;Z%;en q;kel t;ek bl; ht m/*miNdr; a;r sb j;Yg;Y ekibn q;k; j;h;jek
bl; ht sbRmiNdr;. bO=úkLpt• blezú
agÓet; miNdrm¿ y] s; e+Y; agÓmiNdr;.
m/*et; miNdrm¿ y] s; e+Y; m/*miNdr;..
sbRet; miNdrm¿ y] s; e+Y; sbRmiNdr;.
sgOh;i]ib/; epÓ;¼²; sbRm/*;gÓmiNdr;..
a;m;edr Eith;s bel eyà ibedxIedr me/* y;r; Sqlpeq &;ret Aesizl
t;r; ÚAk edeh lInÛ heY igeYizl. ikNtu smudÓpeq pÓebxk;rIr;
Aedexr r;jd¹ h;et tuel ineYizl. esEjn*E &;retr itnidekr itni$
s;grà mh;s;gr \ ¤ps;ger a;m;edr pÓitpi¼ bj;Y r;%et heb.
Akq; a;m;edr men r;%; drk;r eyà m;nueWr a;ib:kOt &Utl
\ &USqelr yq;½em %inj Ab' pÓ;i,j sMpd s;r; pOiqbIet a;j
in"exiWtpÓ;Y Ab' t; ineY A%n edex edex h;n;h;in º• heY egez.
gt p÷;x bzer smuedÓr jel \ tledex t;r c;rxÛ ‡, ebix %inj \ pÓ;i,j
pd;qR a;ib:k;r heYez. &ibW*et AE smudÓj sMpd ineY\ a;NtjR;itk
erW;eriW b; yuä h\Y;r sÅ;bn; a;ez yeqê. t;E iátIY mh;yueär pr E¤.An.\úr
entOetB smuedÓr b; jlpeqr &;g b;e$;Y;r; heY egez. a;m;edr t$er%;
eqek 12 ni$k*;l m;Eel (1
ni$k*;l m;El=
2080gj)
hl r;êÓ;/In jl;÷l b;
territorial waters, 24 ni$k*;l m;El hl
s'lg« piri/ b; contiguous
zone \ 200 ni$k*;l m;El hl SbtN] aqRwnitk
m¹l b; Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) y;r %inj Ab' pÓ;i,j
sMpd sMpU,R a;m;edr. 20 l= bgR ikel;im$;r ibStOt AE s;muidÓk Al;k;i$
&;retr sbeceY b‹ ±XbyR
Ab' t; sbR piriSqitet ey ek;en; ¤p;eY eh;k r=; kretE heb. AE ibWeY
p;#ekr dOiê a;kWR, kr;r jn*E btRm;n pÓseˆgr abt;r,;.
AE pÓseˆg sunIitkum;r ce|;p;/*;Y Ú&;rt s'SkOit \ bOh¼r
&;rtÛ (edx
pi]k;à 20 ne&Ár 1943)
eqek dui$ mUl*b;n ¤äOit tuel /r; eyet p;erú
1. Ú&;rtIY s'SkOit \ dxRn ey%;enE igY;izlà es%;en /B's kiret
y;Y n;Eà igy;izl pU,Rt; a;inY; idet. ibi&µ edex Eh; pÓ;,d;nk;rI
bWR;b;irr mt a;isY;izlà Eh;r a;gmn Aekb;erE m•&Uimr ÚluÛr
mt aqb; /B'sk;rI m;rIr mtn izl n;.Û
Øtuln; k•n Akidek a;m;edr AE abd;n \ an*idek E\er;p b; pUbRà m/*
\ piXcm AixY; eqek &;rtbeWR y;r; gt duÛh;j;r bzer
Aesizl t;edr i]²Y;kl;pà Sb,RgO/«ut;à kus'Sk;r Ab' /mR;N/ bbRrt;
a;m;edr ik p[cN@ pirm;, =it kerez y; pyR;el;cn; krel a;j\
men ibe=;& sOiê hYÙ.
2. ÚybáIp pÓ&Oit edx &;rt hEet y;h; p;EY;izlà a;tÎsmÎ;n
a=uõ r;i%Y; t;h; a;tÎs;_ kiret smqR hEY;ez;
&;retr r;m;Y, \ mh;&;rt Ab' pÓcIn ybáIpIY Eith;esr ¤p;%*;n
lEY; t;h;r; t;h;edr ibixê kOittB z;Y;n;$k \ nOt*n;$k sOiê kirY;ez;
x*;m eboä/emRr pÓ&;eb ixLpkl; ibWeY crm ¤_kWR l;& kirY;ez.
cInedexr kibt;Y \ ice]à &;SkeyR \ an*ixeLp eboäpÓ&;b \tepÓ;t&;eb
ibji‹tà Ab' j;p;enr sÁeN/\ esEkq; bl; y;Y. a;mr; ik r;m;Y, mh;&;rtibhIn
ybáIp (\
b;iláIp)à
buäcirtibhIn x*;mà aimt;& abel;iketXbr \
wme]YibhIn cIn \ j;p;nek &;ibet p;ir ? Amin&;ebE &;rt AE
sb edex inejr s¼;ek gÓh,ey;g* kirY; tuilY;izl.Û
(a;j\
¤i‹W*;r bNder bNder pÓit bzr ez;$ ez;$ enoek;Y n;n;rkm s;mgÓI
&er pÓdIp jB;ileY seN/*ebl;Y smuedÓ &;iseY Úb;ily;];Û ¤_sb
p;ln kr; hY. ¤i‹W*;r ey ek;en; miNderr Sq;pt* &;el;&;eb
prI=; krel eb;Z; y;eb eyà pÓiti$ miNderr cU‹;r nIecr ey ¤äR;'x
aqR;_ z;d t;r Aki$ ibexW a;k;r a;ezú ¤L$;en; j;h;ejr.
a;jekr k;l;p;in Akk;el izl a;m;edr
s'SkOit \ dxRn j;h;jey;eg pOiqbIr sudUr ek;e, ep-oez ed\Y;r Aki$
international marinine
highway b; a;NtjR;itk s;muidÓk sri,).
&;rtIY s;muidÓk ±ith* j;tIY jIben
Ak ann*s;/;r, idk. bŸidn /er a;mr; ey ibXbek ibexW ibexW e=e] pq
edi%eY Aesiz Ab' y;r s;=* Eith;s a;j\ bhn ker celezú t; a;m;edr
me/* g&Ir a;tÎpÓt*Y s÷;r ker. teb du"e%r ibWY AE eyà AE
egorbmY a/*;Y s;/;r, m;nueWr k;ez etmn&;eb ¤enÎ;ict hYin. aqc
&;rtIY s;muidÓk ±ith* a;m;edr prm gebRr Ak ¤_smu% Ab' a%¹
j;tIY &;bn;r ¤âIpk mN].
AE ±ith*mY
/;r;ek b-;iceY r;%;r jn* ibexW&;eb itni$ ibWeYr \pr ‡•tB
a;er;p kr; eyet p;erú
1. &;rtIY s;muidÓk jIbnek j;tIY Eith;esr aˆgI&Ut ker
edxb;sIek A ibWeY ±ith*b;hI ker et;l;;
2. s;muidÓk sMpd gebW,; \ ¤ä;rk;eyR
a;r\ ebix aqR ibineY;g Ab\ ¤µtkre,r dI`Rk;lIn pirkLpn; gÓh,
kr;;
Ab'
3. pÓgitxIl s;mirk \ kU$wnitk pde=epr m;/*em a;m;edr s;muidÓk
sIm;er%;ek sMpU,R suri=t r;%;.
tq*sU] "
1. id ihiS$Ó af isi&l;Eejxn ú ¤El A*;¹ aireYl @ur*;N$¿
2. Ei¹Y; A*;¹ id Ei¹Y;n \xn ú ek Am p;i,kr
3. A ihiS$Ó af Ei¹Y;n ixip' ú r;/;kumud mue%;p;/*;Y
4. id Ei¹Y;n \xn ú a*;l;n i&ilY;sR
5. a*;@imr;l k;$;irr SÎOitet a;m;edr &UtpUbR r;êÓpit xÓI ek.
a;r.
n;r;Y,enr b¼²Ot; (18
eseP$Ár 1993)
6. el%ekr keYki$ irs;cR epp;rà
men;gÓ;f \ gt i]x bzer el%; pÓk;ixt rcn;.
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