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b;'l; n;$k
1980úú2005
A%;en p;#kedr
jn* A kq;\ s'e=ep bel en\Y; &;l eyà AE g[³p iqeY$;err n;$kE 1944 eqek aWR;_
&;rtIY g,n;$* seˆ`r Únb;µÛ Ø24 aeš;brà1944Ù eqek º• ker ½mx b;'l;
n;$ekr mUl /;r; heY ¤e#ez. ê;rà x[Ir^mà imn;&;Rà r°mhelr epx;d;r n;$k
p;x;p;ix clizl. p÷;x \ W;e$r bzr‡ilet ê;er Ab' x[Ir^mà &;°; ibXb–p;Y
zex; s;tex; r;i]r n;$k\ celez. epx;d;r r^m÷
2 a;mr; an*]
belizà g,n;$* eqek ebireY Aes a;l;d; al;d; n;$*eg;ëI wtir kr;r mUel izl
suinidRê r;jwnitk b¼²eb*r b;Eer a;r t;r aqR AE nY
ey dl &;e°in. bŸ–pIr dI`R Eith;es t; e&e° núi$ dl h\Y;r %br r;i%à
t;r per inXcYE a;r\ e&e°ezúúesoim] bsu p[itë; kerezn t;-r inejr dl.
n;NdIk;r eqek heYez iqeY$;r \Y;kRxpà t; ibixê heY 1988 n;g;d hl ib&;s c½btRIr
an* iqeY$;r. inejr h;et g‹; n;NdIk;r ibiCzµ heY aijetx wtir kern Ø1977Ù
n;NdImu%. AE &;g;&;igú&;°;&;i°r
3 ¤inxúex;úa;ixet
Em;ejRiNs \ piXcmb;'l;r n;n;ib/ ar;jkt; k;i$eY g[³p iqeY$;err n;$k a;b;r inejek
a;eSt a;eSt s'ht krb;r ecê; kerez. Ar me/* Ak$; ‡•tÃpU,R `$n; `e$ez. hbIb
tnbIr t;-r el;kn;$*kl; Ab' t_s^I g;n \ n;c in&Rr Úcr,d;s ec;rÛ e 4 A z;‹; g[³p
iqeY$;r gt a;‹;E dxk t;r prI=; inrI=;r /;r;i$ bj;Y ere%ez. ¤_pl d¼ Ø1929úú1993Ù
ikNtu m;„Rb;d \ sbRh;r;r ibp®ebr abSh;n eqek AkibNdu ne‹ninà edx \ pOiqbIr
Eith;s sN/;n ker p[itb;d \ ibp®ebr t¼Ãtl;x kereznúúb*^à p[itb;dà ¤âIpn;mYà
mh¼Ã sbE t;-r n;$ekr ibWYbS¼ heY \e# Ab' Eith;esr n;n; smY \ Sh;enr ibNdu
SpxR ker q;ek. 1980et wtir hl bStutpe= b;'l; n;$ekr wdt*edr me/* ¤_plE gt xt;ÝIr p[;Y exW pyRNt b;'l; g[³p iqeY$;er entOtà ideYezn Ab' g[³p iqeY$;err ibebekr met; t-;r l=* inedRx kerezn. a•, mue%;p;/*;Yà
ib&;s c½btRIà aex;k mue%;p;/*;Y AE d;YbÊt;r pq /erE AigeYezn. a•e,r Újgµ;qÛ
a;ixr bzr‡ilr Aki$ ex[ë p[ey;jn;à yid\ t;r p[qm p[ey;jn; 1977úA. ib&;s
Úc;k&;°; m/uÛúet Ø1972Ù ey s;fl*à emoilk p[eY;gicNt; \ a;tÍp[t*Y
edi%eYizeln t; bj;Y ere%ezn t;-r ÚibsjRnÛ Ø1984Ùà ÚmOtu* n; ht*;Û Ø1999Ùà
Úaãut a;-/;rÛ Et*;id p[ey;jn;Y. Úm;/b m;l÷ kEn*;Ûr
aist mue%;p;/*;Y izeln a;r Akjn pirc;lkà em;iht ce|;p;/*eYr shey;igt;Y y;-r keYki$ p[ey;jn; Â;tN] \ ixeLp skelr dOiê a;kWR, kerizl. t;-r Út%n ibeklÛ Ø1992Ù Ab' ÚjNmidnÛ Ar SmOit A%n\ aMl;n. @il bsu %ubE ey;g*t;r se^ t;-r s'g#enr d;iYtà bhn ker celezn. b;dl srk;r Ar
me/* inejr Aki$ sMpU,R ÂtN] /;r; wtir kerezn q;@R iqeY$;r n;em. itin b;-/;
p[esinY;m m÷à b*;pk a;el;r ibn*;sà ibStOt s;jsÕ;\ pirh;r kernà Ab' dxRkedr
se^ Ak smtel enem Aesà t;edr c;rp;ex biseY m;Z%;en n;$k kernà k%n\ dxRkedr se^
s'l;ep yu¼² heY n;$k kern. xherr a^nme÷r eceY g[;emr mu¼² me÷ n;$k kr;E
t;-r ebix
Ak‡Cz ntun p[it&;r kq; Ab' n;$* pirc;ln;Y emeYedr kq; s'e=ep bel a;m;edr AE pir½m; exW krb. A-r; heln ÂPn sN/;nIr ekoixk esnà iyin esoim] ce|;p;/*;eYr se^ Úi$ki$ikÛ n;$k ker cm_kOt kerizeln. n;$k t;-r re¼² a;ez. per buÊedb bsur ÚtpÂI \ tri^nIÛà Úp[qm p;qRÛà Ab' esilm a;l dIenr Úp[;c*Û ker itin a;m;edr njr e$enezn. n;NdIk;err egotm h;ld;r a;r Aki$ a;ib¦;rà bl; y;Y •Üp[s;edr inmR;,. ai&ent; iheseb t;-r Aki$ ibexW !' k%n\ k%n\ a;m;edr ibb[t kerà ikNtu t;-r pirc;ln;r d=t; aibs'b;idt. t;-r pirc;ln;Y kl*;,I n;$*ccR; ekeNd[r Ab' n;NdIk;err keYki$ n;$k a;m;edr niNdt kerez. sumn mue%;p;/*;Y ÚitSt;p;err bO¼;NtÛ ideY p[qm a;m;edr cmek ednà per Úemifeí$;Û Et*;id n;$ek t;-r ai&nbtà \ xi¼² p[k;x kerezn. b[;t* bsu a;r Akjn xi¼²x;lI pirc;lkà surij_ beNd*;p;/*;Y eymn a;r Akjn.
5
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k*;b;er #;s; n;$ek\ t;r pun•ÕIbn sÅb hl n;. \idek 1948 eqek 1980úr
me/* b;'l; g[³p iqeY$;er Aesezn AEsb
a;m;r met
&;rt cIn yueÊr pr eqek seN/ebl;Y inr;p¼;r k;re, n;n; ineW/;+; nkx;lpNhIedr
Ak$u prI=; inrI=; \ a;Â;denr j;Yg; wtir
kr;. t; ek;n aeqRE g,n;$* nIitr iber;i/t; nY. A$; hetE p;er eyà
g,n;e$*r pr
AE g[³p iqeY$;r‡ilr a;r Ak$; ibexW d;n AE hl ey a;Ntj;Ritk \ sbR&;rtIY
n;$*kemRr se^ Aedr s'ey;gSh;pn. es$; º/u a;Ntj;Ritkà k%n\ b; k®;isk n;$* ±iteh*r
ibSt;err idk eqek nYà &;retr an*;n* p[edexr n;$*kl;r se^\ Ak$; p[g;Œ ey;g
wtir hl. bŸ–pI kerizl ibjY etçulkerr m;r;i# n;$k Úx;Ntt; ek;$R c;lu a;ehrÛ
b;'l; –p;Ntrà t;r a;egE n;$*m÷ p[itë; simit kerez muÜ;r;=s. a;r bŸ–pI
eymn Úputul e%l;Û Údxc½Û Úr;j; aYidp;sÛ kerez etmnE rbINd[n;qek ssMm;en
b;'l;r ex[ë n;$*k;r iheseb me÷ p[itë; ideYez. n;NdIk;r kerez ipr;nedeö;à
ec%fà eb[x$à \eY¦;rà Ey;en;e¦;. iqeY$;r \Y;kRxp kerez j ep;l s;]R \ ej Am
is'. per n;NdImu% kerez tleSt;Y. anub;d \ edxIkr, ineY tkR celezà ikNtu t;et
p[i½Y;$; bN/ hYin. ey &;ebE eh;kà ibedexr &;l Ab' /[³pdI n;$*kl;r
ikzu Â;d epeYez b;°;il dxRk.
di%eY s¼err
bzr‡ilr exeW klk;t;ek cmek ideYezn. AE smeYE klk;t; ede%ez s'gItp[/;n dui$
m;ri# n;$kà eb[xe$r Úi]epin \epr;Û ablMben Úitn pYs;r p;l;Û \ ibjY eçulkerr
Ú%;isr;m ek;et;Y;lÛ. b;'l;edexr cm_k;r k;b*n;$k esilm a;l idenr ÚmurldIenr
s;r;jIbnÛ \ AE smY klk;t; ede%ez. fel el;kn;e$*r p[it b;'l; n;$*kmRIedr dOiê
pe‹ez Ab' bhrmpur p[iNtekr Ún;n; ehÛ eqek a;rÅ ker men;j ime]r Úiknu
k;h;err q*;$;rÛØ1984Ù em;iht ce|;p;/*;eYr Úa;ilb;b;Û Ø1988Ù Ab' ibexW ker
an* iqeY$;err Úm;/b m;l÷I kEn*; Ø1988Ù b;'l;et el;kn;e$*r b; el;kn;$* a;i^ekr
Aki$ ¤ÕÃl prMpr; wtir ker. t;rE ¤¼r;i/k;r bhn ker AE xt;ÝIr eg;‹;Y wtir
heYez n;NdIk;err Úes;jnb;idY;r `;$Û \ Ún„I k-;q;r m;#Û. &eÜXbrIr gLp
Et*;id el;k a;i^ekr a;r\ aenk n;$k pirebixt heCz. wsYd muSt;f; isr;ejr Úm;Y;m;l÷Û
a;lk;epr a;i^ek n;$*;iYt kerezn bhrmpur erp;$R;r iqeY$;err p[dIp &|;c;yR. /[³pdI
kþs;/n;Y b;°;il m;r;i#edr met; d‹ nY. tbu bŸ–pI ic¼r¢n e`;eWr ÚgItrtÍÛ
ai&nY ker Ak$; c*;el¢ ineYizl . per ÚiprIit prm ini/Û n;em Ai$ jnip[Y hY.
b;'l; iqeY$;er g;enr ixLpIr s'%*; tuln;mulk&;eb kmà tbu Aekb;er a&;b
a;ez t; bl; y;Y n;.
Úd-;‹;\ piqkbrÛ. t;rpr Aek Aek el%; b;
p[ey;ijt hl ÚxO×l z;‹;Û Ø1983Ùà Úmh;cIenr piqkÛà Úa;jekr x;j;h;nÛ
Ø1985Ùà ÚaiGnxy*;ÛØ1988Ùà Úbi,ekr m;ndçÛØ1988Ùà Úwdink b;j;r
pi]k;Û Ø1989Ùà
kq; et; a;egE bl; heYez.
aex;k mue%;p;/*;Y\ at*Nt pir,t \ suinpu, Ak pirc;lk heY ¤e#ezn. t;-r Úebl;
aebl;r gLpÛ Ø1986Ù eqek g[³p iqeY$;err Ak ntun ¤ÕIbn º• heYizl bl; y;Y. Ar
per t;-r edxIkOt n;$k Úeb‹;Ûà Úep;k;Ûà Údu"smYÛà Úm*;kebqÛ
t;-r Â;tN] suiniXct kerez. a•, AE smeY a;eSt a;eSt si½Y n;$*p[ey;jn; eqek
ser egeznà ectn;úr entOtà eze‹ ideYezn t;-r suey;g* pu] sumn mue%;p;/*;Yek.
sumenr kq;Y per a;siz a;mr;. a;rúAkjn d;YdÊ pirc;lk nIlkþ esn‡Pt. xuÜk
sMp[d;eYr a;id duE sds* iáejn beNd*;p;/*;Y \ nIlkþ ep[mceNd[r ÚkfnÛ geLpr
•Üp[s;d
esn‡Pt n;NdIk;err d;iYetà a;ezn Ab' t-;r ‡,btI sh/imR,I Â;tI el%;r se^
n;NdIk;err p[ey;jn; Ab' n;$*s'½;Nt a;r\ n;n; k;j krezn. t;r me/* p[/;n hl
klk;t;Y sbR&;rtIY Aki$ n;e$*;_sebr a;ey;jn kr;. 1983 eqek n;NdIk;er j;tIY
n;e$*;_sb clez Ab' t;r fel klk;t;r m;nuW &;rtIY k%n\ b; p;ikSt;n \
b;'l;edexr n;$*kl;r ag[git c;=uW kr;r suey;g p;eCzn. •Ür s'g#nxi¼² as;/;r,
fel pUbR j;mR;n pirc;lk if[$s ebeni&$Àsek ideY klk;t;r dl‡ilr mu%* ai&ent;ú
d;YbÊt;r AE
ibiStOt zibr me/* s;Yekr em`n;d &|;c;yRà smI=, Ar péj munsI inXcYE a;ezn.
em`n;d Ak$u a;ebgp[/;n n;$k kern bel sm;el;ict hnà ikNtu t;-r s;fl*ek n;$ekr
&;lr jn*E k;ej l;g;n.
pirc;ln;r
e=e] emeYedr s;fl*\ l=* kr;r met;. klk;t;r ihiNd n;$ek ¥W; g;^uil p[;Y
tbu dxRkedr
sms*; a;ez. a;egr met; dxRk a;r a;sez n; n;$ekúúúj;inn; e$i;li&xn Ar jen*
kt$; d;YI. tbu n;NdIk;err ¤_sebr p;x;p;ix a;r\ Ak;i/k n;e$*;_sb heCzúúanIkúAr
¤_sb eymn. h;cÀ em;b;Eelr kepR;er$ s'Sh; \i@Yn n;e$*;_sb krezn. piXcmb^ n;$*
a;k;edim\ n;e$*;_sebr a;eY;jn ker Ab' n;$* pur¦;r edY. sh;Yt; a;sez Spnsrixp
iheseb. ¤e# a;sezn ¤ÕÃl ce|;p;/*;Yà tIqRér cNd[à ENd[;ixs l;ihi‹r met;
n;$*k;r. t•, \ p[itx[³itm;n pirc;lkúai&ent;r; k%n\ k%n\ isirY;el cel
y;eCznúúes$; t;-edr n;$ekr a;kWR, b;‹;eCz n; n;$*ccR;r =it krezúút;\
&;bn;r ibWY. zibi$ Akmu%I nY. ebx ji$l \ ibimx[. tbu •Üp[s;dà men;jà ib&;sà
aex;ekr met; p[bI,r; a;eznà ekoixkà egotmà sumnà surij_à b[;t*r; k;j kreznà
¥W; \ sIm;r; k®;iNtr l=, ed%;eCzn n;. b;lur`;e$ p[bI, hirm;/b mue%;p;/*;Y
absr inel\ bhrmpurà eg;br@;°;à h;\‹; Et*;id a÷el as'%* smqR n;$*dl
wtir heYez p[esinY;m mu¼²m÷ n;n; a;i^ekE t;r; ai&nY krez. AE el%k A%n\
a;x;b;dI ibexW ker t•,edr kq; e&eb.
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