x;rd s'%*;à 1414

piXcmbe^r a;qRs;m;ijk ¤µYnà ibgt i]x bzerr ic]
suimt mue%;p;/*;Y

1977 s;el aenk a;x; \ ÂPn ek;n es a;el;Y ineY b;mf[N$ srk;r piXcmbe^ =mt;Y ai/iët hY. t;rpr Aek Aek i]xi$ bzr aitb;iht heYez. AE itn dxek b;mf[eN$r Eith;s inribiCzµ s;fel*r Eith;es eymn nY etmin /;r;b;ihk b*qRt;r k;ihnI\ nY. ek;n ek;n e=e] ]³i$à ˜;iNt `e$ezà y;r jn* sm;el;cn;r Z‹ ¤e#ez. a;b;r keYki$ e=e] Amn s;fel*r indxRn Sh;ipt heYez t; p[kOt aeqR dOê;NtmUlk. btRm;n p[beN/ ibgt itn dxek piXcmbe^r s;mig[k a;qRs;m;ijk ¤µYenr mUl*;Yenr ecê; kr; heYez inrep= dOiêek;n eqek. AE p[bN/k;err p[kOt set*r ¤eNm;cn kret egel dlIY r;jwnitk dOiê&i^r ¥e/R ¤#et heb Ab' p[eY;jen aip[Y st* blet heb akuet;&eY.

1ÙpiXcmb^ ey%;en sfl "
btRm;n r;jwnitk piriShitet iber;/I delr &Uimk; etmn sdqRk bel men hY n;. g#nmUlk sm;el;cn;ek sbsmeYE Â;gt j;n;en; ¤ict ikNtu ey%;en srk;err kOittà teq*r i&i¼et sup[itiët es%;en\ t;r; t;ek ÂIk;r kret ainCzuk. t;edr met b;mf[N$ srk;r ek;n e=e]E sfl hYin.

tq*;nusN/;enr i&i¼et ibc;r kr; y;k AE ai&ey;g st* ik n;. 26ú2ú76 td;nINtn &Uim \ &Uimr;j mN]I eq;Wn; kern ey 1975 pyR*Nt &UimhInedr me/* 577360 Akr jim bN$n kr; heYizl. t;rpr b;mf[N$ jm;n; º• hb;r pr 15ú1ú07 pyR*Nt 11.11 l= Akr kOiWjim biN$t hY. Ar fel 29.14 l= pirb;r ¤pkOt hY. bgR;d;redr n;m niq&u¼²krn Aki$ ¤eö%ey;g* pde=p y;r á;r; 29. 14 l= pirb;r ¤pkOt hY. &UimhIn e=tmjuredr p[i&e@N$ f;ç p[kLpà a;r Aki$ ‡•tÃpU,R k;j y;r fel gt 9 bzer 9. 42 l= m;nuW ¤pkOt heYezn Ab' AE s'%*; clit bzer  10.50 le= epo-zeb. 1977 s;el escesibt kOiWjimr xtkr; h;r izl 32% y; a;j iá‡e,r\ ebix Ø70%).. 1977 s;el ¤µt bIj ibexWt /;enr e=e] 23% kOiW Al;k;Y b*bhÌt hY. AE h;r a;j 96%A epo-ezez aqR;_ pUebRr tuln;Y itn‡e,r ebix bOiÊ `e$ez.

ix=;r e=e] ebx ikzu sms*; q;kel\ ¤eö%ey;g* ¤µitr idki$ anÂIk;yR. b;mf[N$ jm;n;Y p;-ci$ ntun ibXbibd*;lY ge‹ ¤e#ez. ix=;r p[s;r heYez ܳtgitet. srk;err jnmu%I  ix=;nIitr fel g,ix=;r ibpul ibSt;r `e$ez. p[;Y p[iti$ e=e] ¤Ccix=;r c;ihd; ebe‹ez at*Nt ܳtgitet. ArE s;eq s;eq kl;à b;i,j*à \ ib+;enr p[;Y p[iti$ ibWeY a;/uinkIkrenr ¤ed*;g en\Y; heYez.

%;d*xs* ¤_p;denr e=e] 2002ú3 s;el ¤_p;denr pirm;, izl 155.22 l= emi$[k $n y; 2003ú4 a;iqRk bzer ebe‹ heYez 159.55 l=. abx* A r;ej* Akr p[it ¤_p;dn edexr keYki$ r;ej*r tuln;Y km. m;nb ¤µYn kimi$r irep;$R anus;er piXcmbe^ em;$ jimr 63.05% a'ex c;W hY Ab' 14% jim akOiW. ibgt duE dxek AE pirm;n AkE reYez.

b;mf[N$ srk;err bOh¼m s;fl* hl &Uims'¦;r. 1953 s;el piXcmbe^ p[qm jimd;rI ¤eCzd a;En p;x h\Y;Y em;$ 20 l= Akr jim %;sjimet –p;Ntirt hYà ikNtu t; &UimhIn c;iWr h;et ibil kr; hYin. pUbRtn ej;rd;err;  Ar \pr d%l k;eYm kerizl. t;rpr 1955 s;el &Uims'¦;r a;En p;x hY. Ar suib/;\ ej;td;err; e&;g kerà n;em ebn;em jim d%el ere%. Arpr 1967ú69 s;el &Uim r;j mN]I herkO‚ ek;°;r %;s 10 l= Akr jim jimd;redr h;t eqek izineY a;enn. teb \E jim‡il izl anubRr. Arpr 1977 s;el ibnY eco/urIr a;mel &Uims'¦;r a;En s'ex;i/t hY.
t;rpr eqek g[;emr m.nueWr abSh;r p[&Ut ¤µit heYez. a;e$r dxek ey%;en ed;k;n izl n; es%;en b;j;r besez. a;r\ ai/k s'%*k g[;em ibd*u_ epo-ez igeYez. ey%;en t; sÅb hYin es%;en\ ibdu*etr d;ib ¤e#ez. bgR; a;Eenr fel 15 l= bgR;d;r h;et epeYezn 11 l= 10 h;j;r jim. A‡il in"seNdeh s;fel*r ¤d;hr,. Az;‹; keYki$ e=e] piXcmb^ s;r; edexr s;men dOê;Nt Sh;pn kerez y; pOqk a;el;cn;r d;ib r;e%.

2Ù piXcmb^ ey%;en &;retr pqp[dxRk "

btRm;en ebk;r sms*; smg[ &;rtbeWR ibr;$ a;k;r /;r, kerez. piXcmb^ AE sms*; em;k;ibl;r e=e] keYki$ pde=p g[h, kerez y; &;rtbeWRr an*;n* r;j*‡ilr s;men dOê;Nt ihs;eb pirgi,t hb;r ey;g*. AE p[se^ g[;mIn kmRs'Sh;n ibkLp p[kLp (Rural Employment Generation Programme) ibexW&;eb ¤eö%ey;g*. 1995 s;el AE p[kLp p[bitRt hY. ekNd[IY srk;err s;Mp[itk p[itebdn anuy;YI g[;em =ud[ixLp g‹;r e=e] piXcmbe^r Sh;n iátIY. ibgt p;-c bzer 140000 m;nueWr kmRs'Sh;enr b*bSh; heYez. esEse^ ½Y=mt; bOiÊ \ kOiWr ibk;x `e$ez. ekblm;] aN/p[edx piXcmbe^r tuln;Y AigeY a;ez. r;jSh;nà Z;‹%çà ‡jr;$à mh;r;ê[à k,R;$k skelrE Sh;n piXcmbe^r ipzen. d;-etr bu•x k;r%;n;à ebetr s;mg[Ià p®;iêk ik®pà aqR;_ mUlt g[;em p;\Y; y;Y Amn k;-c;m;elr b*bh;rekE ¤per;¼² p[kLp ¤_s;h p[d;n kerez. A p[se^ keYki$ pirs'%*;n epx kr; eyet p;er.
2002ú3 s;el 2459 ixLps'Sh;r á;r; 22531 jenr kmRs'Sh;n hY. 2003ú4 s;el AE s'%*;‡il izl yq;½em 3348 \ 27350. 2004ú5 s;el t; izl 2548 \ 36581à 2005ú6 s;el 2078 \ 36853 Ab' 2006ú7 s;elr i@esMbr pyR*Nt 740 \ 13240.

clit a;iqRk bzer 8 l= aitir¼² kmRs'Sh;n sOiê heYez. Ar me/* kOiW ¤_p;dnà p[;,Ip;ln \ m;zc;eW 3 l=à ixeLp 50à000 \ Âin&Rr eg;ëIr m;/*em 4à00à000. r;ej*r aqRmN]I x[I asIm d;x‡Pt 9ú6ú07 e`;Wn; kerezn ey 1999 s;elr pr eqek 6 l= ebk;r kemez. =uÜ \ ku$Ir ixeLpr á;r; 27 l= ebk;err kmRs'Sh;n heYez. 2006 s;el  b‹ \ m;Z;ir ixeLp 3000 ek;i$ $;k; ibineY;g kr; hY y;r á;r; 35à000 m;nueWr p[t*= kmRs'Sh;enr b*bSh; hY. 2004 s;el 196 i$ ixLps'Sh; 2243 ek;i$ 80 l= $;k; ibineY;g ker y;r á;r; 26à890 m;nueWr p[t*= kmRs'Sh;n hY. 2005 s;el 227 i$ ixLps'Sh;r em;$ ibineY;egr pirm;, izl 2515 ek;i$ 58 l= $;k; y; 27à521 jenr p[t*= kmRs'Sh;n sÅb ker. 7ú6ú07 ixLp \ b;i,j* sicb sb*s;cI esn e`;Wn; kerezn ey 2007 s;el ibineY;egr pirm;, 4000 ek;i$ $;k; z;i‹eY y;eb.

biSt ¤µYenr e=e] piXcmbe^r s;fl* in"seNdeh dOê;NtmUlk. 81% biStet inr;pd p;nIYjelr b*bSh; iniXct kr; heYezà a;g;mI p;-c bzer y; 200% A igeY d;-‹;eb. NSSO r 49 tm r;¤eçr smI=;Y ed%; egez ey piXcmbe^r 8% Ar ikzu ebix biSt Al;k; k;-c; k;#;em;rà ikNtu mh;r;eê[ t; p[;Y 14%. s;r; &;retr 25% biStet a;j\ ibd*ut epo-zYinà ikNtu klk;t;r e=e] AE ic] aenk;'ex a;x;b*¢k. bWR;r smY &;retr 60% biSt a÷l jel @ueb q;ek. 50% r ebix biStet exoc;g;r enE. 80% r ebix biStet enE jl in¦;Wenr b*bSh;. klk;t;r biStr pirk;#;em;gt abSh; aenk ¤µt. ikzu Al;k; z;‹; sbR]E jl in¦;Wenr b*bSh; a;ez. p[;Y 88% biStet reYez p[;qimk ibd*;lY. abx* A%en; biSt a÷elr aenk ixº ibd*;leY y;Y n; Ab' Aedr Ak bOh_ a'x ixº x[imek pir,t hY. muMb;EeY ikNtu biStb;sIedr abSh; a;er; k•n. biStr i&ter r;St;`;$ pyR*Nt enE.

ngr ¤µYn nIit in/R;renr smY biStb;sIedr kq; b;mf[N$ srk;r yq;ibiht ‡•tà shk;er ibebcn; kerez. 1978ú90 s;elr me/* bOh¼r klk;t;r epor Al;k;Y biStr m;nuWedr shey;igt;Y sMpµ heYez biSt ¤µYn. klk;t; bih&uRt epor Al;k;et\ anu–p ¤ed*;g celez. Ar me/* a;ez epor biStr pirebxgt ¤µYnà s;mig[k epor ¤µYnà p;nIY jl srbr;h Et*;id. epors&;‡il ibxÃb*;eér p[x's; epeYez. klk;t;r biSt ¤µYenr jn* b;mf[N$ srk;r g#n kern a;÷ilk ¤pedê; kimi$. klk;t; kep;Rerxenr pirc;ln;r &;r t%n srk;rI p[x;skedr h;et. isÊ;Nt hY p[iti$ ¤µYn pirkLpn;r nkx; a;÷ilk ¤pedê; kimi$r se^ pr;mxR ker cu‹;Nt kret heb. klk;t; epors&; inbR;cenr pr AE d;iYtà btR;Y inbR;ict p[itini/edr ¤pr. sr;sir jnge,r a'xg[he,r p[;itë;ink b*bSh; t%n izl n;. ikNtu p[itini/r; ¤µYn pirkLpn; ineY a;el;cn; krebn biStb;sIedr se^. Ar fel pirkLpn; –p;Yn p[i½Y; c;lu hb;r a;egE biStb;sIr; pirkLpn; sMpekR abiht hb;r suey;g epetn Ab' Ât"SfutR&;eb shey;igt; kretn. jnge,r =mt; (peoples power) a;dxR b;Stb;Yenr A Ak ibrl dOê;Nt.

 piXcmbe^ 70% m;nuW srk;ir icik_s; l;& kern. h;j;r p[it mOtu*r sbR&;rtIY g‹ ey%;en 7.4à piXcmbe^ t; 6.4. h;j;r p[it ixºmOtu*r sbR&;rtIY h;r 58à piXcmbe^ 38. A%;en aN/[\ piXcmbe^r ipzen pe‹ igeYez. j;tIY nmun; smI=; anuy;YI piXcmbe^r g[;mIn m;nuW bzer 20à062 ek;i$ $;k; ixLpj;t s;mg[I ekn;r b*Y kr;r s;mqR ajRn kerez.

AE p[se^ piXcmbe^r p÷;eYt b*bSh;r m;/*em ey p[&ut ¤µit s;i/t heYez t;r ¤eö% kr; p[eY;jn. yid\ AE b*bSh;r me/* bŸ ]³i$ ibd*m;nà tq;ip t;r s;mig{k kOtk;yRt; anÂIk;yR. bŸ sIm;bÊt; se¼Ã\ d;ird[ dUrIkre,r e=e] p÷;eYt b*bSh; ¤eö%ey;g* &Uimk; g[h, kerez. tO,mul Ster ix=;r ibSt;er\ p÷;eYt yeqë sdqRk &Uimk; g[h, kerez. piXcmbe^ s;etr dxekr a;eg s;=rt; a;eNd;ln etmn ej;rd;r heY ¤#et p;erin. a;$ \ neYr dxek Total literecy Movement ½mx" p[itë;l;& ker Ab' 1996 s;el b;er;i$ ejl;Y t; sMp[s;irt hY. Ar fel r;ej* s;=rt;r h;r d;-‹;Y 70%. p[iti$ ejl;Y ejl;x;sk \ ejl;pirWd s&;pitr entOetà ejl; s;=rt; simit sbRix=; ai&y;en sbRxi¼² ineY a;tÍineY;g kerez. ix=;qRIedr me/* ejegez nutn a;x;. g[;mp÷;eYt p[/;n \ ib i@ \ edr &Uimk;\ A%;en at*Nt Eitb;ck. ai&–p srk;r yq;qRE ile%ezn ey b;mf[N$ srk;err ibekNd[Ikr, nIit g[;emr m;nuWek Amn myR;d; \ s;m;ijk sMm;en p[itiët kerez y; izl ax[³tpUbR. isÊ;Nt g[he,r p[i½Y;Y t;r; AE p[qm ey;gd;n ker.

piXcmbe^r p÷;eYtI b*bSh; sMpekR ibSt;irt a;el;cn;r abk;x A%;en enEà tbu duAki$ b*it½mI dOê;eNtr ¤eö% p[si^k. ibgt 10 bzerr\ ebix smY /er piXcm emidnIpuerr kuli$k;rI g[;mp÷;eYt ekblm;] mihl;edr á;r; pirc;ilt heCz y; in"seNdeh n;rIr =mt;Yn a;eNd;lenr k;ez Ak ibr;$ ep[r,;r ¤_s. ¤¼r idn;jpuerr ejl;pirWd n;n; ibWeY pXc;dpr hel\ s‹k inmR;e, r;ej*r xIeWR AE muhuetR abSh;n krez. AE ejl; pirWedr s&;i/pit Akjn mihl; ej*;_Sn;r;,I is'h. ¤¼r idn;jpuer 340 i$ p[;qimk Â;ShekNd[ ge‹ ¤e#ezà 20 i$ Public Health Centre Ab' ni$ Block Primary Health Centre Ar m;/*em ¤µtm;enr Â;ShpireWb; iniXct heYez. s‹k pirbhenr ¤µitek ekNd[ kerE ejl;r c;rp;ex ez;$ ez;$ ixLp ge‹ ¤e#ez. n;rI ¤µYenr p[se^ S. G. S. Y. p[keLp mihl;edr dl ge‹ et;l; heYez. p[s^t ¤eö%* Ÿgilà ndIY; \ b;-ku‹;r ejl;piWedr s&;i/pit itnjnE mihl;. kO‚; b*;n;ijRà rm; ibXb;s \ pUi,Rm; b;gid. p[et*ekE inj inj ejl;r ¤µYen b;‹it ep[r,; juigeYezn.

p÷;eYit b*bSh;r wbPlibk s;fel*r p[/;n k;r, s;/;r, m;nueWr shey;igt;. ejl; pirWd s&;i/pitr; inejedr ey ÂCzt; \ jnge,r p[it d;YbÊt;r &;bmuitR tuel /ret s=m heYezn t; eqekE ¤_s;irt heYez AE Ât"SfutR shey;igt;r b;t;br,.

Ak suiciNtt p[beN/ a/*;pk rbINd[n;q &|;c;yR edi%eYezn ey piXcmbe^ ap;erxn bgR;r fel bgR;d;redr me/* inr;p¼;eb;/ j;g[t heYez. piXcmbe^ s;m;ijk puijr (Social Capital) /;r,; p÷;eYetr m/* ideY b;Stb;iYt heYez. t;r p[kOê p[m;, piXcmbe^ 73033 Âin&Rr eg;ëIr ¤ãb  y; smb;Y a;eNd;lnek xi¼²x;lI kerez. Z;‹g[;emr p[t*Nt a÷el As ip As s'Sh; kOiWi&i¼k ixLpSh;pn \ ixeLp aqRwnitk idk ideY pXc;_pr m;nuWek s;iml kerez.

ngr;Yenr e=e] r;ej*r a;b;sn \ jnÂ;Sh* mN]I egotm edb b[;@; ngr g‹;r ey ¤ed*;g ineYezn t;r t;_pyR sudur p[s;rI k;rn A%;en ibi&µ p[keLpr m;/*em kmRs'Sh;n sOiê kr; heb. AE b[;@;r e=e] ¤µYn pWRedr trf eqek s;/;r, m;nueWr jim ai/g[h, kr; heCz n;. srk;err trf eqek º/um;] Zone inidRê ker ed\Y; heCz. s;/;r, m;nuW ECz; krel p[kLp inmR;t;edr jim ibi½ kret p;rebn. teb n; krel ek;n ej;r kr; heb n;. s;/;r, m;nueWr mt;mt ineYE b[;@; p[kLp b;Stb;Yenr ¤ed*;g en\Y; heYez. Sh;nIY b;isNd;edr me/*\ a;x;r a;el; s÷;irt heb. is^ur \ nNdIg[;emr mt A%;en ek;nrkm iber;i/t;r b;t;brn sOiê hYin y; in"seNdeh Ak ibr;$ s;fel*r indxRn.

3Ù a;tÍsm;el;cn;_ a;tÍsmI=;à a;tÍ;nusN/;n "

AE p[beN/ ibgt i]x bzer piXcmbe^r a;qRs;m;ijk ¤µYenr  Eitb;ck idk‡ilr ¤pr a;el;kp;t kr; heYezà ikNtu Amn ebxikzu ]³i$ \ ˜;iNtr j;Yg;\ a;ez ey%;en srk;err a;tÍsm;el;cn;r p[eY;jn aLpE a;ez. p[qmt p÷;eYt b*bSh;r s;fl*ek mu¼²keþ ÂIk;r ker\ Akq; bletE heb ey A%en; t;r me/* p[cur dubRlt; reYez. ey kYi$ dOê;Ntmulk ibWeYr ¤eö% kr; heYez es‡il ibixë hel\ b*it½mI. a/*;pk p[&;t d¼ edi%eYezn ey piXcmbe^ mihl;r; a;j\ p÷;eYet Akej;$ heY l‹;E kr;r jn* ek;n s;/;r, me÷ b; Common Platform a;j\ %-uej p;nin. bŸe=e] g[;ms&;r imi$'‡ilet el;k hY n;. Ar Aki$ sÅ;b* k;r, g[;emr m;nueWr me/* /;r,; sOiê heYez ey p;i$R aifesE sb isÊ;Nt en\Y; heY y;Y. AE /;r,; Aekb;er i&i¼hIn nY. Ar fel srk;err se^ t;edr b*b/;n ebe‹ez. seNdh \ aibXb;esr b;t;br, sOiê heYez. sMpd s÷;ln b; resource mobilisation \ a;x;nu–p heCz n;. a;iqRk idk ideY tO,mul Sterr s'Sh;‡ilek =mt; b; Â;tN] ed\Y; hYin. Devolution of fiscal autonomy a;j\ dur;x;m;] y;r fel Dependency syndrome ed%; y;eCz. t;z;‹; a;ml;teN]r n;gp;x eqek p÷;eYtek mu¼² kr;r ek;n ecê;E hYin. a;sel ibekiNd[kre,r p[b¼²;g, sIimt SterE ibekNd[Ikre,r p=p;tI y;r fel p[kOt ibekNd[Ikre,r pirbetR absolutist major atariaism Ar sOiê heYez. t;z;‹; bŸ e=e]E g[;m p÷;eYt‡il el;kbl \ aeqRr a&;eb p^u heY y;Y.

a;erki$ ibWeYr ¤per\ ‡•tà a;er;p kr; ¤ict. p÷;eYetr Ster ek;nrkm sm;j s'¦;r a;eNd;ln a;j pyRNt ge‹ \e#in. @;Ein ht*;r mt Aki$ p;xibk \ am;nibk p[q; a;j\ ab;e/ celez Ab' piXcmb^\ t;r b*it½m nY.
2003 s;elr jun m;es m;ld;r sl;E@;°; a÷elr Z;‹pukur g[;emr Ak htdirÜ bOÊ b;°;il dMpit @;Ein –ep icih²t hn Ab' jner;eWr kbel pe‹ a;tÍeg;pn kret b;/* hn. 2004 s;elr jun m;es `;$;elr Ak a;idb;sI ep[oŒ AkE&;eb s´Ik g[;m z;‹et b;/* hn. 2005 s;elr aeš;br m;es %;s klk;t;r buek @;Ein seNdeh Ak mihl;ek ehnSh; kr; hY. Ak c;r bzerr ixºkn*;r mOtu*r jn* ‡inn t;-ek d;YI  s;b*St ker. &;bet ab;k l;eg piXcmbe^r p[;,ekeNd[ A /re,r `$n; ik ker `$l.

a;r Aki$ ibWeY\ sectn q;k; p[eY;jnà t; hl a;÷ilk wbWm* y; piXcmbe^r e=e] at*Nt p[k$. 2004 s;elr West Bengal Human Development Report A p[se^ Üêb* The inequality in consumption was lower in the state than for all India and for most other states in both rural and urban areas. However the difference between rural and urban per capita consumption was higher in West Bengal than the all India pattern. 2002 s;el el;ks&;Y ¤¼rbe^r tuln;mulk ang[srt; ineY ibtkR hY. prbtIRk;el ebx ikzu sm;el;ck ¤¼rbe^r k;mt;puir a;eNd;lenr k;r, ihs;eb aqRwnitk b÷n;ek icih²t kerezn. abx* Ar ib•eÊ p[ityui¼² Sh;pn ker m;ink s;n*;elr mt buiÊjIbI belezn ey ¤¼rbe^r b÷n;r ai&ey;g ast* \ ¤ed*x*p[e,;idt. keYki$ tq* itin AE p[se^ epx kerezn. 1975ú76 A r;ej* p[;qimk ibd*;lY izl 40723 i$à ¤¼rb;'l;Y m;] 7292 i$. 1998ú99 et r;ej* p[qimk ibd*;leYr s'%*; izl 521123 ¤¼rbe^ 9472. r;ej* g[;em;µYn kmRsUicet b*Y m;q;ipzu 71.10 $;k;à a;r ¤¼rbe^ 120.50 $;k;. p;nIY jelr e=e] jnÂ;Sh k;irgrI dPterr m;/*em piXcmbe^ m;q;ipzu a;Y 12.45 $;k; a;r ¤¼rbe^ 18.87 $;k;. ¤per;¼² tq*;bilr st*t; emen ineY\ blet hY ey ekbl pirs'%*;enr á;r; nIit in/R;r, kr; ¤ict nY. ¤¼rbe^r eysb ji^ puilexr h;et /r; pe‹ez t;r; p[;Y sb;E ebk;r yubk y;r; htdirÜ `err sNt;n. z;];bSh;Y t;r; skelE izl inrIh \ x;iNtip[Y. an$enr du"sh jÃ;l; t;edr sN];esr peq e#el ideYez. ibWYi$ abx*E inem;Rh \ mu¼² dOiê&i^ ideY ibebcn; kr; ¤ict.

a;÷ilk wbWm* sMpekR jYNt esn \ i@ ip p;l Ak eyoq gebWn;pe] beleznà The districts of West Bengal having high per capita income are the districts having high social development. t;-edr anu/*;enr fl b*¼² ker t;-r; belezn The districts of West Bengal have exhorbitend a high degree of disparity level in terms of economic development. We find a very feeble tendency of convergent development. %;d*xs* ¤_p;denr e=e]\ yeqë pirm;n wbWm* ibd*m;n. aipRt; /r \ dIp*m;n p;l edi%eYezn ey 1982ú83 s;el b;-ku‹;à bIr&umà ndIY;à b/Rm;nà 24 prg,;à emidnIpurà ¤¼ridn;jpurà m;ld; \ jlp;E‡i‹et %;d*xs* bOiÊ p;Y ikNtu ¤_p;denr aiShitxIlt;\ sm;nup;itk h;er bOiÊ p;Y. 1991ú92 s;el 24 prgn;à ek;cibh;rà b;-ku‹;àŸgilà emidnIpur \ muixRd;b;ed ¤_p;denr aiShitxIlt; hÌ;s epel\ growthrate b; ¤_p;dn bOiÊr h;r\ hÌ;s p;Y.

a;r Aki$ SpxRk;tr ibWY hl ixLp;Yn \ jim ai/g[h, y;ek ekNd[ ker is^ur \ nNdIg[;em b*;pk ax;iNt ed%; ideYez. b;mf[N$ srk;err ixLp;Yn nIitr ib•eÊ ibexW+ mhel sm;el;cn;r Z‹ ¤e#ez. ai&–p srk;err met ekblm;] ibineY;gk;rIedr Â;eqRr pirbetR srk;err ¤ict &Uimcu*t m;nuWedr Â;qR ed%;. itin =itpUrn \ punbR;sn p*;ekejr ¤pr ‡•tà a;er;p kerezn. ixLp;Yenr á;r; per;=&;eb kmRs'Sh;enr sOiê heb AE yui¼²ek %çn ker p[&;t p|n;Yk ile%ezn ey kOiWe=e] m;nuWek Sh;n;Ntirt ker t;edr kmRs'Sh;enr b*bSh; pirkiLpt aqRnIitet kr; y;Y ikNtu b;j;r aqRnIitet nY. cInedex ixLpgt ¤_p;dn bOiÊ epel\ ixLpe=e] ebk;r sms*;r sm;/;n hYin. A ibWYi$ nNdIg[;emr m;nuW ¤pliÊ kerezn. m;ilnI &|;c;eyRr s;=* anuy;YI nNdIg[;emr m;nuW ixLp;Yenr iber;/I nnà jim ai/g[he,r iber;/I. nNdIg[;em chemical hub heb n;à mu%*mN]I AE a;xÃ;s edb;r per\ t;-edr a;xé; ixLp;Yenr aqR hl jimd%l. ek;n ek;n mhl eqek nY; ¤d;rnIit b; neo liberalism Ar ibkLp nIit g[he,r p[St;b\ ed\Y; heYez. smg[ ibWYi$ g&Ir&;eb icNt; ker smeY;ict pde=p en\Y; ¤ict k;r, Ar se^ srk;err wb/t; \ ibXb;sey;g*t;r p[Xn ji‹eY a;ez. sumNt beNd*;p;/*;Y Ei^t kerezn ey btRm;en yid\ jnge,r k;ez b;mf[eN$r ek;n ibkLp enEà ikNtu &ibW*et b;mf[N$ iber;/I jnmt sOiê het p;er. A%;en a;tÍsm;el;cn;r p[eY;jnà a;tÍtuiêr pir,;m &Yér heY d;-‹;eb.

4Ù ÂPnà b;Stbà &ibW*t "

ibgt i]x bzer b;mf[N$ srk;r xt p[itkult; setÃ\ a;x;r p[dIp jÃ;ileY r;%et eperez. t;i¼Ãk ºÊt;r aenÃWenr pirbetR b;Stb;nug \ yueg;pey;gI nIit g[h, kerE srk;r ¤µYenr peq AigeYez. ibXb;Yenr yueg ixLp;Ynek b;d ed\Y;r aqR `i‹r k;-$;ek epizeY ed\Y;à AE b;Stb ¤pliÊ eqekE srk;err kmRp[Y;s p[e,;idt heYez. esE k;re,E s;fl* Aesez sbR&;rtIY m;ndeç. b;mf[eN$r anusOt nIit ibºÊ m;kRsb;edr se^ s;m¢s*pU,R ik n; t; ineY ibtkR hetE p;er ikNtu t;r suflek ÂIkOit idetE heb.

dIpér d;s‡Pt edi%eYezn ey 1980ú81 eqek 2004ú5 Ab' 1990ú91 eqek 2003ú4 piXcmbe^r ¤µYenr h;r &;retr tuln;Y ebix izl. Ø3.82% \ 2.15% Ab' 5.14% \ 3.9%). atAb mu%*mN]I ey piXcmb^ek kOiW \ ixLp ¤&Y e=e]E p[qm hb;r ÂPn edi%eYezn t; a;k;xkusum kLpn; nY. ibexWt y%n /;n \ sbij ¤_p;den piXcmb^ A%en; edexr me/* sbR;eg[ reYez. ixeLpr e=e]\ p[qm Sh;n ai/k;err ÂPn\ abx*E idb;ÂPn nY. d;irÜ \ ebk;r sms*; AE muhuetR sbeceY b‹ c*;el¢ teb s;/;r, m;nueWr jIben ey ‡,gt pirbtRn Aesez t; anÂIk;yR. p;qRs;riq beNd*;p;/*;Y \ dY;mYI r;eYr smI=; eqek b;-ku‹;r ek;tulpur b®ekr l;¤g[;m p÷;eYetr m;nueWr s;=* j;n; y;Y ey a;eg bzer Akb;r /;n ht. wdn*ik®ê m;nueWr idn k;$et; an;h;er. a;j ek¤ i&=; ker %;Y n;. bzer du b;r /;n hY. eg;$; g[;emr jim esecr a;\t;Y Aes igeYez. Arkm a;er; bŸ dOê;Nt a;ez y; men ker &ibW*etr a;lel;kbitRk;.

5Ù s;qRkt;r pqinedRx "

b;mf[N$ srk;err xi¼² ¤_s;irt heYez s;/;r, m;nueWr smqRn \ a;Sh; eqek. m;nueWr mnSttÃek yq;yq&;eb anu/;bn kret heb Ab' t;edr b*q;à ebdn; aNterr anu&Uitr se^ Ak;tÍ het heb mu¼²mn \ dOiê&i^ ineY. t;edr k;ez stt; \ ±k;iNtkt;r &;bmuitRek a=uµ r;%et heb. nNdIg[;emr sms*; º/u r;jwnitk b; aqRwnitk nYà mnSt;itÃk\ be$. wptOk jimr ¤pr m;nueWr m;Y;à mmt;ek pddilt kret egel t; bu*emr;' heY ifret b;/*. sPtpu•W eyq;Y m;nuW es m;i$ es;n;r b;‹;à wden*r d;eY ebicb es m;eYà Amin l=Iz;‹;à kib‡•r AE b;nI eyn smSt &uimc*ut pirb;err hÌdYebdn;r p[itCzib. x[I in•pm esn p*;ekj e`;W,; kerezn es%;en =itpUre,r eck en\Y; pirb;err sds*edr n;n;ib/ p[ix=e,r kq; bl; heYez. A%n ikNtu esE ebk;r yubekr; a;eNd;ln su• kerezn k;r, c;kirr ek;n p[itx[³it ¤¼² p*;ekej enE. p[ix=, ekeNd[ 90% nMbr epel teb c;kir imleb Akq; j;n;r pr eqekE e=;e&r a;‡n jÃel ¤e#ez. A%;en srk;err abx* ktRb* jimh;r;edr c;kirr inXcYt;r b*bSh; kr;. nEel srk;err se^ m;nueWr b*b/;n b;‹eb Ab' srk;r wb/t;r sée$r Øcredibility crisis) s;men p‹eb. ixLp;Yenr e=e][ atu*_s;iht; eyn œÊet* pyRbist n; hY k;r, m;nueWr p[it s'ebdnxIl hel tebE  a;seb s;fl*. ¤µYn heb m;nuWek ineY t;ek b;d ideY nY. men r;%et heb ey cInedex SEZ nIitr fel 1992 eqek 2005 Ar me/* 20 ek;i$ kOWkek ¤eCzd kr; heYez Ab' 2005 s;el 87à000 i$ g,xO×l; &e^r ØPublic order disturbance) `$n; es%;en `e$ez. b;mf[N$ srk;r  abx*E A peq h;-$eb n; t;ek het heb rbINd[n;eqr &;W;Y kOW;enr jIbenr xrIk ey jn kemR \ kq;Y st* a;tÍIYt; kerez ajRn.

                                   tq*sU]

1Ù Rabindra Nath Bhattacharya- Social Capital and Participatory Democracy. Emerging People through Panchayats in West Bengal, The West Bengal Political Science Review- Jan- Dec 2005

2Ù Voll-VIII, No I and II and III pp 10-26
Dipankar Dasgupta, Sixty years of Independenc- Independence 60- Retrospect and Prospect.

3Ù Alumni Association, Department of Economics, Calcutta University, 2007 pp 25-33
Sumanta Banerjee, Moral Betrayal of a leftists Dream, Economic and Political Weekly April 7-13 2007,
Voll XLII No 14 pp 1240-1242

4Ù Abhirup Sarkar, Development and  Displacement of Land Acquisition in West Bengal, EPW April 21-27 2007, Voll XLII No 16 pp 1435-1442

5Ù Abhirup Sarkar, Political Economy of West Bengal A Puzzle and a hypothesis, EPW Jan 28- Feb 3 2006
Voll- XLI No.4 pp 341-348

6ÙPrabhat Patnaik, In the aftermath of Nandigram, EPW May 26- June1 2007 Voll XLII No.21 pp 1893-1895

7Ù Malini Bhattacharya, Nandigram and the question of development ibid pp 1895-1899

8Ù Kanak Kanti Bagchi and Satyan Sarkar, Comparative Backwardness of North Bengal strategies for its development. Artha Beekshan, Voll 14 Nos 3 and 4 Dec.2005 and March 2006 pp 201-218

9Ù Jayanta Sen, D.P.Pal, Economic Development of West Bengal. A study of convergence ibid p 267-278

10ÙArpita Dhar, Dipyaman Pal, Inter District Disparity of Food Crisis. Production in West Bengal. Growth Onstability and determinants of yield, ibid pp 293-304

11Ù Prabhat Dutta  -Participatory Rural Governance, The West Bengal Experience Paper presented at National seminer on the Panchayat Experience in West Bengal, University of North Bengal Jan17-18 2004

12Ù Dipankar Chakraborty The literacy movement in West Bengal Decentralization and Rural Peoples' Participation ibid.

13Ù p[&;t d¼ b;mf[N$ srk;r ngr;Yn \ nger;µYn  s'g[;mI h;itY;r ibexW s'%*; 2001 pO 11ú17

14Ù m;ink s;n*;l k;mt;purI a;eNd;ln pXc;_p$ \ ai&mu% tÃedb pO-89ú93

15Ù sumn r;Y úpq \ biStb;sIr i#k;n;Y Â;/Int; 60 pO 311ú314

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