x;rd s'klnà 1412

sbuj x;iNtr dUt " rbINd[n;q \ ib&Uit&UW,
¤Õlkum;r mjumd;r

   jIbnSmOitr p;#k iheseb skelE j;inà y%n eqek rbINd[n;q ¦uelr z;] iheseb b;i‹r b;Eer ebret º• kern t%n eqekE ¦uelr k®;s`err biNdtà t;-ek %ubE kê idt. an*idek ej;‹;s;-ek;r b;i‹r c;rp;ex b;g;n pukur a;k;x a;el; t;-ek &IW, a;kWR, krt. aenk per AE abSh;$;r kq; eb;Z;et igeY rbINd[n;q belizeln Ú!;k; %;-c;r p;i%Û. t;rpr y%n klk;t;Y e@^u jÃerr p[ek;ep b;i‹r el;ekedr se^ b;g;en a;x[Y ineln t%n ibr;$ a;k;exr inec d;-i‹eY ibSmY a;r a;neNdr sIm; izl n; t;-r. ikNtu t%n\ t;-r pe= ab;e/ eb‹;n izl iniWÊ. per a;b;r AE abSh;$;ek itin belizeln Úd;-e‹r p;i%Û. c;ridek e%;l; a;k;x. ikNtu p;ey exkl.

   ikNtu y%n b;b;r se^ p[qm x;iNtinekten egelnà t%nà esE p[qmà ibXbp[kOitr me/* sMpU,R z;‹; epeYizeln. ibic] l;l k;-kerr e%;Y;EúA `uer eb‹;en;r me/* Ak aecn; ij\g[;ifúr me/* ˜m,k;rIr egorbÛ j;gt menr me/*. A%n ey$; z;itmtl;à es smY mSt e%;l; m;e#r me/* A%;en dui$ z;itm g;z z;‹; a;r ikzuE izl n;. b;b; ebx ikzu g;zp;l; l;igeY \E eb;lpuer Ak$u%;in sbuj x;iNtr me/* /*;nSh hetn.

   per y%n \E g;zp;l;hIn p[;Nter e%;l;eml;r me/* rbINd[n;q ibd*;lY %ulebn i#k krelnà t%n aenk a;tÍIyúÂjnE b;b;r wtirúkr; sbuj p[kOit nê heb e&eb a;pi¼ kerizeln. ikNtu rbINd[n;eqr men heYizl g;zp;l; jIbjNtu Et*;id p[;,b;n bStur se^ sMpkR `$el pirbtRn et; `$ebEà ikNtu AkE se^ p[kOitr me/* ÚibkOit \ s'¦OitÛ `i$eY Úp[;e,r se^ b*bh;r$;\Û c;ileY eyet heb aqR;_ m;nueWr bsb;s b;‹el p[kOitr pirbtRn abx*E `$eb. ikNtu p[;e,r bOiÊ \ ibk;exr se^ se^ t;ek nê krel et; cleb n;à t;r b*bh;rek ntun sjIbt;Y ifireY Aen p[;e,r se^ s;m¢s* ineY a;set heb.

   men r;%et hebà AE s;m¢s* ineY a;s;r icNt;E pirebxúicNt; b; pirebxúr=;r icNt;. pirebexr se^ a;mr; s;m¢s* r;%et p;irin belE a;jekr pOiqbIet p[kOit ib•Ê heY ek;n\rkm pirkLpn; z;‹;E m;nuW Amn sb k;ç ker bsez y;et t;r p[;, pyRNt ibpµ het besez.

   ey x;iNtinekten Akex; bzerr\ ebix a;eg rbINd[n;q a;x[múibd*;lY %uelizeln es ibd*;lY ix=;r Ak$; b‹ a^E izl c;rp;exr p[kOitr se^ Ak;tÍ h\Y;r ecê;. º/u m;nuW nYà g;zp;l; pºp;i% Et*;id smSt p[;,wbic] b; bio-diversity ideY ey pirebx ge‹ ¤e#ez t;ek ecn;új;n;E ix=;r Ak$; b‹ a^. º/u k®;s•m nYà a;mr; ey a;el; h;\Y; g;zp;l; \ m;nuW z;‹; an* p[;i,jg_ ineY eb-ec a;iz t;r sb$;E ey sOiêr ibk;x \ smOiÊr a^ m;nueWr inejr\ ibexW p[eY;jn A$; buZet p;r;$;\ Ak$; b‹ ix=;. ey p[kOitúpirebx ekbl •= m•&Uim s;/;r,&;eb es%;nk;r m;nisk g#n\ •=. ey p[kOit pirebx sjIb x*;mlà es%;nk;r m;nueWr m;niskt;\ etmin sjIb \ ek;ml. a;/uink pirebxúnIitibd*;Y bl; heY q;ekà m;nuW ekiNd[k pirebxúnIit b; anthropocentric morality-r \pr Atk;l aitir¼² ej;r ed\Y;r fel a;mr; p[kOit ib•Ê heY  exW pyRNt m;nueWrE sbRn;x e@ek Aeniz. pirebx b; pirebxgt abnit b; enviromental degredation-Ar fel m;nueWr AE sbRn;x Aesez. t;E AE Akepex dOiê&i^r eqek ser Aes smg[ jIbjgetr \pr jIbekiNd[k wnitkt;eb;/E b; Biocentric morality-r \pr Ed;nI' ej;r pe‹ez. m;nuWek t;r p;irp;ixRk jIbjg_ \ g;zp;l;r se^ s;m¢s* r=; ker cl;r AE wnitkeb;/E skelr me/* j;g;b;r ecê; kr; heCz.

   ikNtu kt a;egE et; rbINd[n;q e&ebizelnà pirbtRn hel\ p[kOitek et; nê krel cleb n;. t;ek b*bh;err sjIbt;Y ifireY Aen p[;e,r se^ s;m¢es* ineY a;set heb. AE icNt;E et; A%nk;r Biocentric morality-r mUl kq;.

   AE sb icNt; ikNtu p{kOitr me/* q;ket q;ketE t;-r menr me/* /Ier /Ier ejegizl. pdÍ;r tIer c;ridek g;zp;l; a;k;xúa;el;à m;nuW \ an*;n* p[;,Ir kmRb*Stt;r kl‡¢nà sUeyR;dY \ sUyR;eStr dulR& sb muhutRúúsb imileY sOiêr Ak$; pirpU,Rt; b; s;mig[kt;r &;bn; ejeg ¤e#izl t;-r men. izµpe]r aNt&Ru¼² Ak$; ici#et Ak$; %ub d;im kq; belizeln itinà ey kq;$; A%nk;r piebxibdedr Aekb;erE menr kq;. Úa;im m;nuWek ÂtN] m;nuW&;eb edi%en.Û men heYizl pdÍ;ek i`er r;%;elr @;kà enoek;r zpzp xÝà `‹; ideY jl e#l;r zlzl xÝà p;i%r @;kà emom;izr ‡n‡nà eb;e$r jl k;$;r xÝúúsb imileY ÚAmn Ak$; k•, `ump;‹;in g;nÛ. p[kOit jIbjg_ a;r m;nuW imel aenk b‹ AE jget ey%;en m;nuW Akl; enEà sb ikzu imelimexE m;nuW a;ez. Ak$; shey;gús;m¢es*r sU] eyn e&ter e&ter k;j krez. a;r AE anu&b ejeg ¤#etE t;-r men heYizl p[kOitr b*bh;rek sjIbt;Y ifireY Aen p[;e,r se^ t;ek s;m¢es* ineY a;s; %ubE j•ir.

   m;nuWek a;r ÂtN]&;eb m;nuW iheseb ed%et c;nin belE t;-r ix=;&;bn;r mUl kq;$; d;-i‹eYizl AE ibXbp[kOitr me/* inrNtr inejek emel /er sjIb sMpU,R p[;,b;n m;nuW het heb an* jIbjNtur se^ shey;eg s;m¢es* q;ket heb. p[eY;jen eymn p[kOitek ikzu$; nê kret hY etmin t;r =itpUr, ker t;r s;m¢s*\ r;%et hY. nEel et; a;bh;\Y;à p[kOit \ p[;,Ijg_ nê heY igeY m;nueWr aiSttÃE ibpµ heY p‹eb.

   rbINd[n;eqr ix=;úicNt;Y \ kmRs;/n;Y AE sujl; sufl; pirebx icNt; p[qm eqekE izl. esEjen*E t;-r ix=; icNt;r ‡•tà et; kemEin br' ebe‹ egez. &Ubn@;°;Y jl;xY p[itë; ¤ple= ez;$ Aki$ &;We, itin belizeln ÚA%;en &Ubn@;°;r m;e# ½em º¦ /uil Aes jlr;ixek a;½mn kerizl c;ridk eqek. a;tÍ`;itnI m;i$ a;pn buekr srst; h;ireY ir¼²mUitR /;r, kerizl. a;b;r a;j es ed%; idl iSnÊ –p ineYúúúAE jlp[s;r sUeyR;dY Ab' sUyR;eStr a;&;Y ri¢t heY nUtn yuegr hÌdYek a;niNdt kreb.úúúAE jl icrSh;YI eh;kà g[;mb;sIek p;ln k•kà /r,Iek ai&iW¼² ker xs* d;n k•k.Û AE&;ebE bIr&uemr l;l k;-kerr m;i$et sbuj x;iNtr dUt heY Aesizeln rbINd[n;q.

   Akex; bzerr ebix heY egl x;iNtinektnúx[Iinektn t;r •= p[;Nterr –p eze‹ `n sbuj heY ¤e#ez. AE muhuetR abx* esE sbuj\ a;½;Nt heYez. AE sbuj;Yenr icNt; \ pirkLpn; ikNtu rbINd[n;eqr inejrE. edebNd[n;q ikzu g;zp;l; l;igeY pukur eke$ eb;lpuerr p[;Nter sbuj x;iNt \ x[I a;net º• kerizeln. per a;x[mibd*;lY p[itë;r pr eqek /Ier /Ier sbuj;Yenr ecê;Y elegizeln rbINd[n;q. ¨tu ¤_seb z;]z;]Iedr ¤_s;h ideY Øp[qm ¨tu ¤_seb rbINd[n;eqr pu] xmINd[n;qE ¤d*;g ineYizeln b;b;r ¤_s;ehÙà n;$ek ¨tugt pirbtRenr er;m;÷ Aen Øx;red;_sbà f;L‡nIà r¼²krbIÙ ajs[ g;en ¨tur su=Í pirbtRn‡el; p[k;x ker. kibt;Y bnb;,Ir a;idm ixhr, Aenà t;r afurNt p[;,xi¼²r me/* aemYjIbI eyobenr ibSmY l= ker buiZeY ideYizelnà m;nueWr ibk;exr pÊit$; kI. hlkWRe, m;i$r =it ker bO=er;pe,E t; pUr, kret hYúúhr,úpUre,r AE e%l;$;E  buiZeYizeln kt a;egúús;r; pOiqbIb*;pI pirebxúa;eNd;lenr aenk a;egE.

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   AE Úsbuj x;iNtr t;npuer;Û b;ijeYizeln a;r\ Akjn el%k. ib&Uit&UW, beNd*;p;/*;Y. t%n\ t;-r a;r,*k ¤pn*;si$ Ø1939Ù el%; hYin. ikNtu es rcn;r m;nisk p[Stuit puer;dem clez. esúsebr Eith;s el%; clez bzr pener; a;eg eqekE. ÚSmOitr er%;Û n;em @;eYirúetØ1924úú1928Ù esE sb a;r,*k anu&uitr kq; el%; a;ez. p[;kOitk pirebexr a;nNdb;tR; m;nueWr p[;e, epo-ez ed\Y;r jen* kI a;kuit ey t;-r izl t; AE @;eYir n; p‹el eb;Z;E y;Y n;. il%ezn ÚAE ibic] ibXblIl;r skelE ey y;]I flà fulà g;zà p;%Ià m;nuW skelE.Û A esE rbINd[n;eqrE pirebx meN]r /Ãin. Úa;im m;nuWek ÂtN]&;eb m;nuW iheseb edi%en.Û ib&Uit&UW, AE @;eYirr p;t;Y eyúsb anu&bek /er ere%ezn t;r aenk$;E &er a;ez a;id sOiêr Eith;s eqek a;j pyRNt Ab' t;rper\ ey p[;,/;r; cleb t;rE ibx;l er;m;i÷t anu&eb. Akjn bŸdUrdxRI kib \ mh;k;x ib+;nIr met;E blezn Úa;jk;r tuCzt; h;j;r bzr perr mh;sMpd. m;nuW m;nueWr buekr kq; ºnet c;Y ek;i$ ek;i$ m;nuW p[lYes[;et &;sezà &ibW*etr sit*k;r Eith;s heb AE k;ihnI m;nueWr menr Eith;sà t;r p[;e,r Eith;s.Û Ar perE m;nuW z;i‹eY t;-r &;bn; zi‹eY egez p[;i,jget. ÚAE yug yug b*;pI ibx;l m;nbj;itúúº/u t;\ nYúúúAE ibx;l jIbjg_à ek;n mh; œpn;isekr klemr a;g;Y eb•en; ¤pn*;s. a/*;eY a/*;eY &;g kr; a;ez. mh;smuÜge&R iblIn ek;n ibSmOt yuegr a;$l;iN$k j;itr ibSmOt k;ihnI\ eymn Ar ek;n a/*;eYr ibWYI&ut `$n; etmin a;j m;e#r /;er bn* xOg;elr n%deNt inht inrIh z;gixºr mOt*uet ey ibeY;g;Nt `$n;r pirsm;iPt hl t;\ Ar Ak a/*;eYr kq;. AE kcuZ;‹ b;-xbenr a;\t;y xI,R heY hled heY a;sez \r kq;\. eb;Z; y;Y m;nbj;itr ¤q;n ptenr se^ se^ p[kOit \ p[;i,jgetr b‹ ez;$ pirbtRnek\ aNt&uR¼² ker Eith;sek Ak an*m;];Y epo-ez ideYezn ib&Uit&UW,. Eith;s heY ¤e#ez pirebexr Eith;s.    

   Úa;r,*kÛ ¤pn*;esr n;Yk st*cr, ar,* eke$ bsit wtir krb;r d;iYtà ineYE igeYizl a;r,*k a÷el. ½mx a;r,*k pirebx  t;r ectn;ek a;Czµ ker efel. exWpyRNt are,*r m;nuW p[kOit \ jIbjg_ st*cre,r men Ak aMl;n pirebx mN] heY ¤Cc;irt het q;ek. Ab' t;rE fel iblIYm;n bnShlIr me/* Akm;] sbuj imen kr; srÂtI kuNtIr nIlÂCz jl pirebx p[tIk heY ejeg q;ek t;r menúúehnir e@i&@ eq;er;r \Y;le@n pPtúr met;. hYt AE kuNtIE &ibW*_ st*cre,r men ibebekr met; ejeg eqek pirebxú a;eNd;lnek AigeY ineY y;eb.

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